Leadership Differences Between Leadership And Autocratic...

Leadership Comparison Two leadership styles on the opposite ends of the spectrum from one another are autocratic and participative. Both can be useful depending on the setting and what is required. Autocratic leaders make decisions without using team members, even if it would be useful (mindtools.com, n.d.). When a decision needs to be made very quickly, when there is not a need for additional input, or when a team agreement is not needed, this type of leadership can work (mindtools.com, n.d.). However, autocratic leadership can be demoralizing in the workplace and can lead to a high turnover rate as well as abseentism (mindtools.com, n.d.). An example of an autocratic leader/organization would be Martha Stewart and her company, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia. Participative leadership on the other hand, looks to involve other people in the decision-making process, including peers, superiors, and even subordinates (changingminds.org, n.d.). How much input is involved is up to the manager, which can vary to anything from the leader selling the idea to her members or simply stating what the objective is and then leave it up to the team to figure out how to reach that objective (changingminds.org, n.d.). This style of leadership can be very beneficial to an organization. Employees are normally committed, less competitive and more collaborative working towards goals, and more heads are better than one (changingminds.org, n.d.). An example of a participativeShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Autocratic and Participative Leadership2547 Words   |  11 PagesThis report aims to describe a leadership style that enables and helps contain employee work activity. Boundaries set by leaders help them provide guidance and direction, motivate action and creativity, stimulate individuality and ideas, and protect and nurture a space for employees to perform in. Leadership prescriptions have gone through many phases. While the consultative leadership was considerate, it was soft, and too idealistic. Authoritarian and directive leadership on the other hand were strictRead MoreLeadership theories: Autocratic Vs Transformational Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagespeople believed that leaders are born not made. Now the definition of leadership has been changed because now we believe that leaders can be made through education. Leadership plays important part in every field and organization to achieve higher goal. According to Kelly, â€Å"leadership is a process of influence in which the leader influences others toward goal achievement† (Kelly Crawford, 2013, p. 168). Nowadays there are many leadership theories and have different perspective and suggestion. I have chosenRead MoreAutocratic Leadership Style. Introduction. Each Indi vidual1195 Words   |  5 PagesAutocratic Leadership Style Introduction Each individual brings their own unique perspective to leadership roles, making leadership styles as varied as the individuals who implement their practice. Varied socio-economic, ethic, and religious backgrounds, as well as a myriad of other variables, lead to an infinitely diverse and unique combination of opinions, beliefs, convictions, which mold the behavioral principles shaping each individual. Certainly, adding to this mix, are the judgements individualsRead MoreAutocratic Leadership Style615 Words   |  3 PagesWhen brought up in a conversation, people ask what is the difference between a leader and a boss? According to Theodore Roosevelt the author of Leader and the Boss, â€Å"The leader works in the open, and the boss in covert. The leader leads, and the boss drives† (Leadership,). This leadership quote exemplifies a profound perception between someone who leads and someone whose authority merely comes from their position. The â€Å"boss† has the ability t o empower and to fire others. On the contrary, a trulyRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Different Leadership Styles Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent leadership styles in different Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans and motivating people. Leadership is important to a company’s productivity. The methods and manner that a manger uses to encourage employees towards the achievement of the companies objective is mean by leadership style. There are basically four types of leadership styles 1. Autocratic leadership style Figure 1 (Autocratic-leadership) Autocratic leadership style is aRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Captain William Bligh1076 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast the Leadership Styles of Captain William Bligh verses Lieutenant Fletcher Christian. The topic of leadership evokes curiosity about our leaders and their approaches in decision making, leadership styles and the effectiveness of their leadership. At time leaders are critiqued for their actions or views on different business affairs. In today’s working environment leaders set the tone, vision, and goals of any organization. Leadership has a huge impact on the culture of an organizationRead MoreThe Autocratic And Participative Leadership Styles Impact Company Culture, And Conflict Resolution1175 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper explores the differences between how the autocratic and participative leadership styles impacts company culture, and conflict resolution. At the core of leadership, is how individuals in an organization are rewarded and punished (Nwibere, 2013). Two very successful autocratic leaders are Steve Jobs of Apple, and Jack Ma of the Chinese company Alibaba (Allen, 2011; Shao, 2014). James Parker, CEO of Southwest Airlines during the 9/11 atta cks is cited as a great participatory leader (AdviceRead MoreThe Organizational Change Using Theories Of Organisational Change1642 Words   |  7 Pagesauthorizations along their approach. I chose Organisational Leadership Module because I want to Identify, explain and critically evaluate the major theories within traditional, contemporary and critical approaches to the study of leadership. Moreover, through this course, I am able to explain the differences between leading and managing, define the concepts of formal and informal leadership, power and authority, and leadership effectiveness, assess leadership effectiveness in organisational contexts, criticallyRead MoreLeadership Styles And Characteristics Of Leadership1301 Words   |  6 PagesAdvanced Composition 28 October 2016 Leadership Styles Since the beginning of time, people have led and others have followed. Some ruled by terror and with an iron fist, others peacefully and with a gentle touch. In the average person’s everyday life, we encounter leaders of all different shapes and sizes, with various styles of leadership. There are strengths and weaknesses in each style of leadership, in particular, Democratic, Laissez-Faire, and Autocratic. These styles have overlapping qualitiesRead MoreLeadership Sat Task 1 Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesLEADERSHIP - SAT TASK 1 A1. LEADERSHIP STYLE Leadership is the ability to organize a group of people in order to achieve a common goal. My leadership style is participative leadership and it is to share decision making with each member of my group. A Participative style of leadership encompasses consultative, consensus, and democratic. As a participative leader who is consultative, it is very important that I confer with members of the group before making final decisions on issues concerning

Essay about Congress and the Law Making Process - 1376 Words

The Legislative Branch consists of Congress, which is made up of two parts; The House of Representatives and the Senate. These two parts of Congress was a result of the 1789 Compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. The Virginia Plan was about states wanted more representation in Congress because they were bigger states. From that plan the New Jersey Plan was brought forth. The New Jersey Plan basically said was smaller and bigger states should have equal power in Congress, so the bigger states don’t overpower the smaller states. In 1789 the solution came, with Great Compromise that took parts of both plans and used it. As part of the Virginia plan the House of Representatives was created, that gave representation in†¦show more content†¦There are committees for different topics of what a bill could be. The bills are sent to the committees by a speaker of the house. Once the bill reaches the Committee, the members decide what to do with it. Now day s most bill dies at this stage, meaning that the bill does not pass and becomes a law. Although when it does passed, the committee makes a vote, and it is sent to the next part of the law-making process which is the Rules Committee, who also decide on it through debate, deciding what will good about making the laws, or what could be the negative outcome to it, in this stage the bill could die to. This committee not only can reject or pass the bills, but add amendments, then after their changes are done; they pass the bill to the Senate. Once it is at the Senate it goes through the same process had as the House of Representatives, a section of the Senate members go and decide and add their changes to the bill, or decline it. If passed it goes to the next part to the rest of the Senate, who then take their turns adjusting and changing or declining the bill. Then after the whole Senate has review and changed the bill of necessary is goes back to the House of Representatives, who then look over if they like the changes the Senate made to the bill. If the House of Reps find things they do not like, then it is not declined, but goes to a Conference Committee making up parts of the Senate, and parts of the House of Representatives theirShow MoreRelatedAbortion: The Impact of Federalism and the Separation of Power1227 Words   |  5 Pagesvon Bismarck once said, â€Å"Laws are like sausages, it is better not to see them being made.† The arduous process that a bill undergoes in order to become a law may seem grueling and pointless; however, the processes high caliber of difficulty allows for the extreme prestige and exclusivity of bills that are passed. Because the process is so exhausting, and filibusters, subsequently requiring a super-majority vote to pass a bill, have always been such a threat in Congress, historically, bills thatRead MoreU.s. Policy Making Process1339 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to effectively comprehend the United States of America ’s (U.S.) policy making process, one must, accordingly, understand the various stages as well as the institutions involved in the same. More particularly, there are four key institutions involved in the U.S.’ policy making process; each of which play a significant role in the various stages of the process. Specifically, the U.S. policymaking process is comprised of four stages, to wit: agenda setting, formulation, implementation, andRead MoreThe Legislative Branch1386 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States Congress; the Constitution grants Congress the single authority to pass legislation and declare war, the right to approve or reject Presidential appointments, and significant investigative powers. I. What is the Legislative Branch? A. It includes the House of Representatives and the Senate (Congress). B. The requirements for both chambers. C. It makes the laws. II. The Legislative Process A. The first step in the legislative process is the introduction of a bill to Congress. B. A billRead MoreThe Law-Making Process900 Words   |  4 Pages Laws are the foundation of our society, they keep citizens safe and preserve our individual freedoms. Before a law is enacted it must start out as a bill. Each bill has an extensive process it must go through to become a law of the United States of America. This process of approval ensures that those three different parts of government agree on the bill before it becomes a law. In order to become law, a bill needs to be approved by the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the President of theRead MoreHealth Care Policy1658 Words   |  7 PagesMedicare Policy Process Brandy Marsh HCS 455 December 12, 2011 John (Jay) Cutspec Medicare Policy Process The health care, policy-making process is composed of three major stages; the formulation stage, legislative stage, and the implementation stage. The policy process refers to the specific decisions and events that are required for a policy to be proposed, considered, and finally either implemented and/or set aside. It is an interactive process with multiple points of access providingRead MorePresidency and Foreign Policy Making Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesforeign policy making, and whether the Congress ought to hold a significant role in the foreign decision making process, it is imperative to take into account the executive powers vested on the U.S presidency. This paper posits that the Presidency should be considered to be dominant, while at other times the Congress should be considered to be the dominant authority. In this perspective, it is essential that the Congress plays an important role in the foreign policy making process, since the mostRead More Congress Essay1734 Word s   |  7 Pagesfor Congress in the United States. It serves many roles such as making laws, implementing national policy and watching over the other two branches of government. These are just a few of the duties of our U.S. Congress. Although they are essential to our government, there are potential problems. People are not always satisfied with the length of time involved in passing a law as well as the deadlock Congress can experience on an issue. Another potential problem people see with Congress is representationRead MorePresident Of The United States1283 Words   |  6 Pagespolicymaking. President as chief executive of the country is expected to appoint the people to policymaking positions. Article II of the constitution stipulates, â€Å"The executive power shall be vested in a president,† and it charges him to â€Å"take care that the laws be faithfully executed (Welch 330).† President nominates about 4000 people to civilian position, also must approve or reject 65,000 military appointments and promotion. The power to remove appointees is also in the hand of presidents. President canRead MorePresidential Budget Propositions And The Newest Executed Zones981 Words   |  4 Pagespresent financial proposals from the President with advised importance for ration of revenue from the local government. More importantly, the budgets focus being the budget year. This is the next budgetary year where changes would have to be made by Congress. The budget not only covers the present year, but the next 4 years after the budget year to be able to resonate the outc ome of budget verdicts past the extended term. This includes funding zones given for the present year in order for the readerRead MoreThe Four Stages Of Policymaking Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to policy making in the US, it can be very complex. The policy making involves numerous steps and its interaction of the various political institutions. When we talk about Policymaking, there’s a process and it has four stages. The four stages go as followed; Agenda Setting, Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation. After I discuss these four stages, I will talk about the Political Institutions. They’re categorized as Congress, The President, The Bureaucracy, and The Courts. I will

The History of Islamic Education in Turkish Society Free Essays

With the end of World War II the strains that had been created by the transformation of Turkey under Ataturk erupted into the open. The political elite splintered into various factions and new elements that had risen to the fore in the twenties and thirties; businessmen, traders, and entrepreneurs. Began to articulate insistent demands for a greater voice in decision-making. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Islamic Education in Turkish Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In their drive for more power the new groups quickly gained the support of many elements within the society who, dissatisfied with the rigidity of the CHP and the bureaucracy in general, and with the wartime economic problems in particular, wished to see a greater degree of freedom within the country. In this atmosphere ideological attitudes ranging from racialism to communism were openly expressed and fundamental political issues became topics of popular debate. This debate culminated in a dramatic change in the political system that could now be characterized as competitive, a change that in turn engendered marked repercussions in every aspect of Turkish life. For many reasons; including Inà ¶nà ¼Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s dedication to Ataturk’s ideal of establishing a multiparty system, internal opposition within the CHP, and demands to end one-party rule; opposition politics were legalized in 1946. In 1950 the DP (Democrat Party), formed by four former CHP leaders, was swept into power by an overwhelming majority. This election marked a turning point in the country’s history. Not only had a remarkable transition from dictatorship to democracy taken place, but the new government promptly embarked upon an ambitious program of economic development that would have significant consequences for Turkish society in general and the educational system in particular (Szyliowicz, 1966). What had happened was that the first free elections in Turkish history allowed all segments of society to voice their dissatisfaction with the CHP which had been in power for twenty-seven long years; intellectuals wanted democracy, businessmen resented the etatist economic policy, landowners were disturbed by the attempts; however unsuccessful; to induce change in rural areas, and the peasantry, whose way of life (as we have noted) had changed but little, felt neglected and abused by a tyrannical administration. Secure in its mandate, the DP attempted to carry out its campaign promises, launching an ambitious program of economic development financed in large part with American aid, and liberalizing various restrictive laws. Furthermore, the DP was aware of the importance of rural support and did its utmost to maintain the favor of the villagers by a partial relaxation of religious restrictions; the call to prayer could once again be chanted in Arabic and religious instruction became a regular school subject unless the parents requested that their children be excused. How to cite The History of Islamic Education in Turkish Society, Papers

Business Communications Corporate Worlds Success

Question: Discuss about the Business Communications for Corporate Worlds Success. Answer: Based on Van Genderens (2013) article, explain how the corporate worlds idea of success defined by the use of I.Q was challenged by the E.I (Emotional Intelligence). In your answer evaluate Golemans (1995, 1998) definitions and characteristics of E.I and determine their validity by using other academic sources on the topic. In the corporate environment as well as in the field of education, candidates are selected concerning their cognitive intelligence(IQ). Genderen, however, in his article explains that the IQ itself is not sufficient in the selecting individuals for a particular position (Dauti-Kadriu 2015). Goleman, in an article he wrote in 1995 declares that one cannot effectively communicate without some level of emotional intelligence (E.I). He claims that communication and interpersonal relationships heavily rely on high levels of emotional intelligence (Downey, Lomas Stough 2014). According to Goleman( 1995), intelligence was measured according to some external traits rather than aspects that were not visible such as emotions. The definition that Goleman adopted in defining success was initially stated by Mayer who claimed that the definition should focus on motivation, interpersonal relationships and other skills and capabilities (Webb, PhD, n.d.). Knowing and understanding ones emotions is a crucial part of becoming successful and is one of the characteristics of emotional intelligence. Ability to recognize ones emotions and determine what message the emotions try to communicate forms the basis of the emotional intelligence (Zhou, Estrada and Bojica, n.d.). Managing the emotions of in an individual is one of the characteristics that Goleman suggests should be used in the measurement of the intelligence and success level of the individual. Other features include; motivating oneself, recognizing emotions in other people as well as handling ones emotions. Other researchers have defined emotional intelligence as the capacity of one to be aware of, control and manage as well as express their feelings and their ability to relate to other people with empathy. Van Genderen (2013, p.5) claims that Emotional Intelligence has a vital role in communicating effectively. Using other appropriate academic sources as well as readings used in class, explain how active listening and assertiveness can be applied to improve the flow of formal organisational communication. Emotional intelligence is the center of interpersonal relationships and hence contributes a lot in the effective communication (Schutte Malouff 2016). Since every communication is made possible by two or more different people, each with different cognitive intelligence levels, emotional intelligence comes in handy to ensure that there are no conflicts in the communication. The basis of emotional intelligence is the understanding of ones emotions as well as the emotions of other people and hence implementing emotional intelligence would contribute to the active listening of the parties involved in the communication (Alessandra 2006). Empathy which is one of the contributors of good communication is the core of emotional intelligence and hence if put in place, there would be effective communication in between two or more people. In organizations, the managers and the leaders need to communicate with the subordinates on issues that affect the company as well as those that affect the individuals (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee 2002). For the communication to be effective and successful, the managers need to employ the emotional intelligence. By using this approach in the communication, the leaders can listen actively, and since they understand the emotions of the subordinates, they can understand the grievances and the points of views of those under them in the rank. By the use of emotional intelligence in communications and discussions, the participants are given a chance to be as assertive as they can as they express their points of view (Schutte Malouff 2016). Assertiveness is based on mutual respect and hence would provide an allowance of active listening and effective communication in the long run. Van Genderen (2013) refers to three elements of Aristotelian rhetoric: ethos, pathos and logos. By using relevant academic resources, explain, and evaluate how these three elements can be effectively used in professional oral presentations. In your answer, also address the intercultural element of oral presentation by using a chosen (one) model of intercultural communication. Ethos, pathos, and logos are three pillars of good and effective communication. The three are the main things that one should ensure to focus on in their oral presentation so as to make sure that the audience understands and accept their message (Anholt 2006). For ones message to be appealing to the readers, ethos, pathos, and logos must be incorporated in the presentation. Ethos is a term used to refer to the credibility of the speaker and can also be used to refer to the character of the presenter or the speaker. Before the audience accepts the message, they have to take the speaker as a credible person (Stockwood Spiro 2005). The audience must accept the speaker as a trustworthy, respectable and of good character. Once the audience is acquainted with the credibility of the speaker, they can listen to and understand the message. Pathos is the aspect of emotionally connecting with the audience. A professional oral presentation should incorporate the appeal for the emotions of the audience for it to be effective (Klein n.d.). The speaker can use metaphors, similes or even analogies that would appeal the emotions of the audience and make them understand his or her message better. Logos is a synonymous term to logical argument. For a presentation to be effective in passing the intended message to the audience, there has to be a logical flow of ideas which eventually creates a logical and a sensible argument. The Four Distances Model of Intercultural Communication focuses on how relational distance can affect communications (Christians Nordenstreng n.d.). Misunderstandings and incommunicability arise when the two parties involved have the feelings of closeness and distance between them. In oral presentations, the message is more efficiently passed if there is a sense of closeness between the speaker and the audience. References Alessandra, A. (2006). Emotional intelligence. [Place of publication not identified]: Team Publications Worldwide Center for Organizational Development. Andrews, L. (2004). Emotional intelligence. New York: F. Watts. Anholt, R. (2006). Dazzle 'em with style. Philadelphia: Elsevier Academic Press.Barlow, B. (2002). Christians, C. and Nordenstreng, K. (n.d.). Communication theories in a multicultural world. Dauti-Kadriu, M. (2015). Emotional Intelligence and its Relation to Job Success. ILIRIA International Review, 5(2), p.77. Downey, L., Lomas, J. and Stough, C. (2014). Scholastic success: Fluid intelligence, personality, and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 60, p.S21. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press Klein, g. (n.d.). On the rhetoric of GMOs. Ethos, Logos and Pathos. Ryan, M. (2005). Extraordinary oral presentations. New York: Franklin Watts. Schutte, N. and Malouff, J. (2016). Comment on Developments in Trait Emotional Intelligence Research: A Broad Perspective on Trait Emotional Intelligence. Emotion Review. Stockwood, D. and Spiro, D. (2005). Ethos, pathos, and logos. Toronto, ON: Irwin Law. Webb, PhD, K. (n.d.). Emotional Intelligence and Business Success. SSRN Electronic Journal. Zhou, H., Estrada, I. and Bojica, A. (n.d.). The Role of Emotional Intelligence on Entrepreneurss Perception of Success. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Compare And Contrast Of Mr. Perry And Mr. Keating From Dead Poets Soci

Compare And Contrast Of Mr. Perry And Mr. Keating From Dead Poet's Society The movie ?Dead Poet's Society? launches the viewer into the world of several boys who learn from a non-traditional teacher in a traditional school. Throughout the movie several conflicts appear between several of the major characters. One of the main conflicts begins with two characters that only meet each other twice during the film. Mr. Perry has raised his son Neil to be a respectable and very intelligent student. He is a stern person who believes that what he says is exactly what will happen. The fact that he doesn't listen to what his son wants to do makes him a person that can be easily not liked by the viewer. Mr. Keating is a former graduate of the school, which means that he knows what the teenagers are going through. With him he brings a non-traditional teaching style to a setting that is dominated by tradition and set of rules. He is easy to like which means that his students bond easily with him. The problems between Mr. Perry and Mr. Keating escalate when Neil becomes a part of a local production without his father's approval. His father finds out about the show a day before the opening night and orders Neil to drop out. Looking for someone to talk to, Neil consults Mr. Keating about his choices. Mr. Keating gives Neil the advice to explain the situation to his father in a calm atmosphere and seek his approval. Knowing that his father will not approve Neil precedes with the show. Mr. Perry carries Neil home after the play and tells him of his plans to send him to a military school. In the conclusion Neil commits suicide and with his fatal shot he takes the only defense for Mr. Keating against Mr. Perry. Mr. Perry is a person who because of his selfish actions causes a great deal of pain towards all the students and to Mr. Keating. Mr. Keating acted under the impression that Mr. Perry knew about what Neil was doing and offered the best advice he could. Cinema and Television

Tax Return Reviews by the Canada Revenue Agency

Tax Return Reviews by the Canada Revenue Agency Because the Canadian tax system is based on self-assessment, every year the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) conducts a series of reviews of the tax returns submitted to see what mistakes are being made and to ensure compliance with the Canadian income tax laws. The reviews help the CRA to correct areas of misunderstanding and to improve the guides and information they provide to the Canadian public. If your income tax return is selected for a review, it is not the same thing as a tax audit. How Tax Returns Are Chosen for Review Four main ways that a tax return is selected for a review are: randomlycomparing tax returns with other sources of information, such as tax information slipsthe type of tax credits or deduction claimedthe review history of an individual, for example, checking to ensure that an adjustment was made to a claim that was reviewed. It doesnt make any difference whether you file your tax return online or by mail. The process of review selection is the same. When Tax Reviews are Done Most Canadian income tax returns are initially processed without a manual review and a Notice of Assessment and tax refund (if appropriate) are sent as soon as possible. That usually is done about two to six weeks after the CRA receives the return. All tax returns are screened by the CRAs computer system, though, and a tax return may be selected for a review later. As pointed out by the CRA in the General Income Tax and Benefit Guide, all taxpayers are required by law to keep receipts and documents for at least six years in the case of review. Types of Tax Reviews The following types of reviews give an idea of when you could expect a tax review. Pre-assessment Review: These tax reviews are done before a Notice of Assessment is issued. The peak time frame is February to July.Processing Review (PR): These reviews are done after a Notice of Assessment is sent. The peak time is August to December.Matching Program: This program takes place after the Notice of Assessment has been sent. Information on tax returns is compared with information from other sources, such as T4s and other tax information slips. The peak period is from October to March. The Matching Program corrects the net income reported by individuals and corrects errors in a taxpayers RRSP deduction limit and spouse-related claims such as child-care expenses and provincial and territorial tax credits and deductions. The Matching Program also covers the Beneficial Client Adjustments initiative which identifies under-claimed credits relating to tax deducted at source or Canada Pension Plan contributions. The tax return is adjusted and a Notice of Reassessment is issued. Special Assessments: These tax reviews are done both before and after a Notice of Reassessment is issued. They identify both trends and individual situations of non-compliance. Requests for information are sent to the taxpayer. How to Respond to a CRA Tax Review In a tax review, the CRA first tries to verify the taxpayers claim using the information they have from third-party sources. If the agency needs more information, a CRA representative will contact the taxpayer by phone or in writing. When you respond to a CRA request, be sure to include the reference number found on the upper right corner of the letter. Answer within the time frame specified. Be sure to provide all documents and/or receipts requested. If all receipts or documents arent available, include a written explanation or call the number on the bottom of the letter with the explanation. If your tax return is being reviewed under the Processing Review (PR) Program, you may be able to send scanned documents online using the CRAs guidelines for submitting documents electronically. Questions or Disagreements? If you have questions or disagree with information received from a CRA tax review program, first call the phone number given in the letter you received. If you still dont agree after talking to the CRA, then you have the right to a formal review. See Complaints and Disputes for more information.

Martin Luther King, Jr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Martin Luther King, Jr - Essay Example In order to persuade the audience he used the persuasion technique of emotional appeal. He tapped into the emotions of the African American population by making them feel that they were not being treated fairly and the current government practices were discriminatory. For this purpose he uses various terms such as crippled in order to make the African Americans feel that they are being crushed due to the corrupt practices of the government and they need to protest for their rights (Americanrhetoric.com, 2015). Secondly, he even uses his own credibility as a tool to influence the African American population. During his speech he refers to Abraham Lincoln to prove that the founding fathers considered the African American race as equal to other races of America. The use of this reference makes that audience feels that King was a person credible enough to deliver the speech because he has enough information about the background of the position of African Americans in the history of

The Battle of Somme Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Battle of Somme - Research Paper Example Anglo-French in nature, the Somme offensive aimed at shattering the powers of Germany. The British army led the allied forces consisting of a major part of British and French army. The German army which awaited them retaliated harshly. The first day of the battle proved the most fatal for the British army. At the end of the day, the British army had lost 60000 of its men (Gilbert, pp65-78). Despite the heavy human loss of almost 1 million from both sides, the British Generals of the time have been criticized for the battle. At the end of the battle, the British army had succeeded in capturing only 12 kilometers from the Germans. The allied forces were still 5 kilometers away from Bapaume which had been termed as a major objective of the battle while Germany was still maintaining much of its frontline. One view however favors the offensive that the battle caused a severe blow to the Germany ultimately bringing its defeat in 1918. At the start of battle, the balance in composition amon g the British and French was 20 British and 13 French divisions. Though majority of the composition was British, it had earlier been decided that the attack on German army would be primarily a French offensive. The German onslaught at Verdun forced the French to depute a huge manpower of its army. The Somme offensive aimed at draining the German forces of reserves and the territorial target was the secondary objective. The Verdun onslaught changed the nature of the Somme offensive completely. The aim had then become to shift German resources from Verdun to the defense of Somme (Doughty, p291). The heavy bombardment was planned to precede the attack which began on June 24. It was believed that the fierce bombardment would destroy the German front line. After the destruction of the front line, the allied forces would become able to walk into the no man’s land and take edge over the Germans. Both the British and French artillery had an equal share in the 3000 guns for bombardmen t. After the bombardment, it was planned that a creeping barrage would lead the advancing infantry towards the front line of the Germans then consecutively towards the second and third trench lines. In addition, Rawlinson’s Fourth army was heavily loaded with arms and ammunitions which had the task of consolidation. During the course, the whole Fourth army would attempt a sudden breakthrough by using the cavalry to catch the gap in the German defense lines. After the possession of the German front line, the plan was that the British army would break through to Cambrai and Douai which meant the breakup of German line into two. 750000 soldiers from 27 divisions went into the offensive. About eighty percent of the army was from the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The figures comparison favored the attacking allied forces as only 16 Divisions German army defended the battlefield of Somme (Keegan, pp290-292). What Happened? The bombardment began and continued for eight consecut ive days. The allied forces of British and France had however looked down upon the strengths of the German army and its strong arrangements. The bombardment had failed to destroy either of the German front line’s barbed wire or the strongly built concrete bunkers. It was evident that the Germans were alert for all of the enemy’s onslaughts. Besides, the munitions and explosives used by the British were defective. Many of them did not explode.

Syncretizing Christianity with Confucianism Essay - 2

Syncretizing Christianity with Confucianism - Essay Example Confucius pointed out that heaven and the life after death were very complicated and were beyond human understanding, therefore, each and every individual should focus on doing the right thing while still alive. Brook (13) defines syncretism as the attempt of combining disparate and opposing beliefs together. Christianity is one of the oldest forms of religion with the highest number of believers in the world today. Madsen affirms that Christianity as a religion becomes the hardest to syncretize with Confucianism because Christianity is a religion which has its own doctrines that are all written down and followed by all Christians in the world today. Christians believe in the bible as the only source of the word of God. They believe that the divine God talks to them through the Bible (482). Combining the beliefs of Confucianism with those of Christianity will only serve to cause instability in the church since the base of the belief system will be shaken. Christians believe that there is life after death and therefore God will come back to the end of life on earth and bring justice to the people. Kato points out that according to Christianity good people will go to Heaven while those who were involved in evil deeds will be burnt eternally in hell (10). Syncretism imperils interfaith discourse by trying to detach Christianity from the doctrines and historical core. It will become very difficult in combining the two belief systems because it will be more complicated for Christians to drop their belief system where they strongly believe that God is omnipresent.The doctrines of Christianity does not tally with those of any other religion in the world today, therefore, combining the beliefs of both religions will only serve to bring wrangles and misunderstanding in the world today.

The Dangers of Radiological Energy

The Dangers of Radiological Energy Lakyma Taylor Christian Fought Throughout history, scientific advancement in energy has enhanced civilization. As civilization grows, so does the increase in energy sources. Many of those advancements people rely on. Society enjoys the fruits of someone elses labor without knowing intricate details about how lethal some of these energy source can be. The Chernobyl incident emphasizes the dangers that the use of nuclear and radiological energy can have. The Chernobyl incident, caused irreversible change on the environment and its community. On April 26, 1986, rupture in a reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and caused an explosion. This explosion caused a fire and released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere miles from the city Chernobyl. Because of the explosion, an uncontrolled fire began and lasted two weeks. This burn of radioactive material released more than one billion curies around the northern hemisphere. Per The Other Report on Chernobyl, Chernobyl was 200 times that of the combined releases from the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Fairlie). This fact shows the devastation that the people in this region were dealing with. This unhealthy dose of radiation exposure caused the displacement of many people. Many citizens were advised to evacuate. Many abandon their homes and fled to regions where radiation doses were high. Radiation being invisible, forced people unknowingly to migrate into these regions with high radioactivity. The countries initially exposed to radiation were Russia, Belarus and the Ukraine. This exposer increased the risk to the publics health in these neighboring countries.      Ã‚   This catastrophic event exposed numerous people to radiation. The capacity of exposed radiation was enormous, accident of 1986 released vast quantities of radioactive materials and significantly contaminated about 200,000 square kilometers of land (Mousseau). Acute radiation syndrome caused the death of over 30 Chernobyl plant workers and first responders a few days and weeks after initial exposure. Per the NRC and UNSCEAR More than 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer may eventually be linked to radiation exposure in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (Lallanilla). Acute radiation is an illness that causes digestive problems to include, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. This exposure to radiation has complicating effects on the nervous system, heart, and lungs. Some studies show an increased in West Germany, Greece and Belarus of childhood leukemia from the Chernobyl incident. These children were likely exposed to high dose of radiation which can damage genes and chromosomes. Thyroid cancer is very rar e in children, this rapid increase was surely related to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. This transpired among the young adolescents at the time of the accident. Accordingly young children exposed lived in the areas of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine which were the most contaminated at the time. Many adults exposed also suffered from thyroid cancer to include leukemia. Leukemia has the highest radiation related relative risk of all cancers when exposed in early childhood. These developments are awful long lasting remnants of what this catastrophe did to people. Exposer to the agriculture and the environment due to radiation was apparent. A large percentage of the area was used for farming, the forest and bodies of water were also contaminated. The exclusion zone received the highest level of radiation. This is the area were plants and animals inhabited. Radioactive material remain in the soil, which contaminated the plants that grazing animals fed, then transferred to the milk and meat. This led to more exposure to people and restrictions on the consumption of food contaminated dealing with transportation and production related to the incident incident. This contamination caused adverse health reactions whichd caused people to become sick. Animals in the region have done well. The abandonment of the area allowed, the exclusion zone to become a thriving ecosystem. This abandonment allowed plants and animals to flourish without the influence of human disturbance. Animals such as beaver, moose, brown bear wolves and lynx have been successful a dapting in this environment. It has been difficult to determine how the animals respond directly from the radiation. Species richness and abundance of animals can be affected by numerous environmental factors other than radiation (Mousseau). Some research on wildlife reveal subtle changes, with no effects on longevity or reproduction. In many cases a lot more research is needed to determine how the effects of radiation have challenged many animals in this ecosystem. This exposure to radiation changed the lives of many. Many of these changes and challenges affected so many because of this horrific event. Extensive radioactive materials was released resulting in a radioactive cloud that spread over much of Europe. This radiation exposure transformed a community to include the people, animals and the environment in which they coexisted. The circumstances of this event made more aware of the contributing dangers that nuclear energy is capable of. The drastic change and dynamic of effects left unforgettable images for those who experienced it. Since this event compelling progress has happened in the developments of stricter safety and health guidelines relevant to issues regarding radiation protection. References   Ã‚   Fairlie, Ian PhD, UK. David Sumner, DPhil, UK. THE OTHER REPORT ON CHERNOBYL (TORCH). PHD Thesis. Berlin, Brà ¼ssel, London: Greens/EFA in the European Parliament, 2006. Document. Lallanilla, Marc. Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster . Live Science (2013): 1. . Mousseau, A.P Moller T.A. Species richness and abundance of forest birds in relation to radiation at Chernobyl. Biology letters (2007): 483-486. document.

Forty Years in the Wilderness Essay -- Personal Narrative Nature Essay

Forty Years in the Wilderness Clouds of dust billowed behind our jeep like a filthy veil. Scrawny boys in underwear left their jacks to chase us. Seconds later, they trailed off calling "gringos." A bachata blared in the distance as we pulled up to the palm hut that doubled as a ranger station. Two shirtless rangers leaned against grimy cases displaying ceramic idols and shards of bowls. Sitting around over cups of steaming coffee, one ranger amused us with cuentos while Mom bartered with the other for a guide. Crabs scurried across the trail. My family and I tromped behind the ranger, eager to see caves decorated by Taino Indians. We were confident that this hike into a National Park would be an exciting challenge like our vacations in previous years to other forests in the Dominican Republic. Partially buried coconuts and fragments of brain coral created an obstacle course to scramble over on our way to the caves. James and Sarah raced ahead of the guide, while David and I meandered behind looking for lizards. Grandma won at "I spy," spotting tropical birds and brightly colored orchids dangling in the canopy quicker than any of us. Prickly underbrush and cacti engulfed the path in a sinister tangle. When we stopped for a drink, Grandpa grabbed a cactus to steady himself. His face contorted into a grimace as blood channeled between wrinkles and spines on his hand. Using my sleeve, I gently wiped Grandpa's hand and wrapped it in a handkerchief to stop the bleeding. We hiked on in silence, s hattered only by chattering parrots and humming wasps. The trail fed into the gaping mouth of a cave, surrounded by razor sharp stalactite and stalagmite teeth. We sprawled on damp boulders, munching on peanuts and hesitantly shinin... ... gone for six hours but it felt like years. Grandma carefully measured out even amounts of water from the thermos for each of us to wet our parched throats. When we piled into the jeep, it reeked of sunscreen, insect repellant, and body odor. Ignoring her usual rules, Mom let us hang out the windows as she sped to the nearest colmado. We sat in the shade of an almendra tree and guzzled a crate of pop and a five-gallon drum of water. I could smell hot grease from the corner fried foods stand, but the thought of food turned my stomach. All I wanted was to drink until I felt I might burst. Back at our cabin, I raced to the only bathroom and slammed the door. I stepped in the shower with my clothes still on and let the cool water pour over my body in an overwhelming sense of relief. The only coherent thought I could form as I stood there was: "Thank you God for water."

Bullying in the Schools Essay

Bullying and intimidation are a major social problem in many cultures. Since it is widely considered immature and mean to perpetrate violent or threatening acts, it is not surprising that incidents of bullying are usually found among young people where they gather to socialize. Schools are a hotbed of bullying activity, and many children are victimized. Bullying has two key components: repeated harmful acts and an imbalance of power. It involves repeated physical, verbal, or psychological attacks or intimidation directed against a victim who cannot properly defend him or herself because of size or strength, or because the victim is outnumbered or less psychologically resilient. Bullying includes assault, tripping, intimidation, rumor-spreading and isolation, demands for money, destruction of property, theft of valued possessions, destruction of another’s work, and name-calling. There are different categories of school bullying, and some of the categories overlap. Here are some of the most important categories that are frequently discussed: 1) How Many Bullies †¢ Pack bullying is bullying undertaken by a group. Pack bullying was more prominent in high schools and characteristically lasted longer that bullying undertaken by individuals. Pack bullying may be physical bullying or emotional bullying and be perpetrated in person or in cyberspace. †¢ Individual bullying is one-on-one bullying that may take place either in person or online, as well as being physical bullying or emotional bullying. 2) Mode of School Bullying †¢ Physical bullying is bullying that takes the form of physical abuse, such as pushing, shoving, hitting, fighting, spitting, and tripping. †¢ Emotional bullying is bullying that involves factors other than physical interaction, such as insults, derogatory remarks, name calling, and teasing. 3) Medium of School Bullying †¢ Face-to-face bullying is bullying in which students confront each other in person. †¢ Cyber bullying is bullying that takes place online, through either email, chat rooms, social networking services, text messages, instant messages, website postings, blogs, or a combination of means. 4) Specific Targets of School Bullying †¢ Homophobic bullying is sometimes distinguished because it has a particular target population. †¢ Bullying of students with disabilities is another type of bullying with a focused target population. †¢ Racist bullying is a third type of focused bullying that targets people of a specific race or cultural. †¢ Religious bullying targets people who have specific religious beliefs. International research suggests that bullying is common at schools and occurs beyond elementary school; bullying occurs at all grade levels, although most frequently during elementary school. It occurs slightly less often in middle schools, and less so, but still frequently, in high schools. High school freshmen are particularly vulnerable. Most students do not report bullying to adults. Surveys from a variety of countries confirm that many victims and witnesses fail to tell teachers or even parents. As a result, teachers may underestimate the extent of bullying in their school and may be able to identify only a portion of the actual bullies. Studies also suggest that children do not believe that most teachers intervene when told about bullying. The same is true of student-witnesses. Although most students agree that bullying is wrong, witnesses rarely tell teachers and only infrequently intervene on behalf of the victim. Some students worry that intervening will raise a bully’s wrath and make him or her the next target. Many of the European and Scandinavian studies concur that bullies tend to be aggressive, dominant, and slightly below average in intelligence and reading ability and most evidence suggests that bullies are at least of average popularity. The belief that bullies â€Å"are insecure, deep down† is probably incorrect. Bullies do not appear to have much empathy for their victims. In Australia, research shows that bullies have low empathy levels, are generally uncooperative, and, based on self-reports, come from dysfunctional families low on love. Their parents tend to frequently criticize them and strictly control them. Dutch researchers have found a correlation between harsh physical punishments such as beatings, strict disciplinarian parents and bullying. A number of researchers believe that bullying occurs due to a combination of social interactions with parents, peers, and teachers. The history of the parent-child relationship may contribute to cultivating a bully, and low levels of peer and teacher intervention combine to create opportunities for chronic bullies to thrive. Most bullies victimize students in the same class or year, although 30 percent of victims report that the bully was older, and approximatel y ten percent report that the bully was younger. It is unknown the extent to which physical, mental or speech difficulties, eyeglasses, skin color, language, height, weight, hygiene, posture, and dress play a role in victim selection. One major study found the only external characteristics†¦to be associated with victimization were that victims tended to be smaller and weaker than their peers. One study found that nonassertive youth who were socially incompetent had an increased likelihood of victimization. Having friends, especially ones who will help protect against bullying, appears to reduce the chances of victimization. Victims of bullying suffer consequences beyond embarrassment. Some victims experience psychological and/or physical distress, are frequently absent and cannot concentrate on schoolwork. Research generally shows that victims have low self-esteem, and their victimization can lead to depression that can last for years after the victimization. Boys and girls who were bullied at least once a week experienced poorer health, more frequently contemplated suicide, and suffered from depression, social dysfunction, anxiety, and insomnia. Sociologist Robert Crosnoe in his book â€Å"Fitting In, Standing Out† provides new and disturbing evidence that socially marginalized youth, including victims of bullying, are less likely to go to college, which can have major implications for their adult lives. He found that feelings of not fitting in led to increased depression, marijuana use and truancy over time, which were associated with lower academic progress by the end of high school. That, in turn, lowered students’ odds of going to college. In an effort to address the widespread social ill that stems from of bullying behavior, many schools have established anti-bullying groups comprised of students and teachers. Courses are taught by administrators, community groups, and nonprofit organizations to raise awareness of the problem. Since suicide and criminal convictions are very real considerations, it is important to make the issue less of a hidden shame and more of an open discussion in classrooms everywhere.

Street Pizza Essay Example

Street Pizza Essay Example Street Pizza Paper Street Pizza Paper Essay Topic: Main Street While driving to his office in Cabanas-e-Insist, Phase 6, Tanager Hussy was thinking about the good old days when he started 14th Street with his two best friends Invigilated and Maximum. Despite the amazing response that they initially got, the ship now seems to be quite in a bit of a lurch. Started by three best friends, 14th Street was supposed to be the next big thing. Being the pioneers of the 20 pizza they intended to knockout the pizza giants like Pizza Hut and Dominos and they were successful initially. But then woo of the partners, Navigated and Maximum jumped ship and went to Dublin to look after their other business and became the sleeping partners at 14th Street. Tanager now looks after all the operations alone and he is smart enough to know that things are not going as smoothly as he would like them to be. He is unable to control his costs and therefore he is forced to sell his pizza at a higher price than his other counterparts but he does not have much choice. Knee deep in payable he is unable to come up with a solution as to how to reduce his cost or justify the high price. He expanded his business to there major areas of Karachi thinking that that will help him in increasing his revenues but even that didnt work out as well as he expected due to growing number of pizza joints that offer similar product as 14th Street such as California, Broadway, and New York Pizza. The competition is really tough and the switching cost for the consumer is practically zero. So why should they buy, high priced, 14th street Pizza when they can easily go for a cheaper and similar brand? Adamant to not compromise on the quality of Pizza, Tanager is now looking for options that he can choose from to get back on firm grounds. He has assigned this task to his 6, highly qualified and motivated employees to come up with solutions to help this sinking ship get out of the thunderstorm and back on calm seas. They will be presenting their recommendations today and he is quite hopeful that their recommendations will be worth his time. Background Evolving from a traditional family recipe, 14th Street Pizza Co. Has come a long way. It was launched in Karachi, on 14th February 201 1 by three friends Tanager Hussy, Invigilated, and Maximum as partners sharing 40%, 30%, and 30% respectively. Two years before launching 14th Street Pizza, the friends had bought a franchise Of subway located at Shabby commercial DAD Karachi. The franchise is still up and running and has earned the reputation of the best franchise of subway all over Pakistan. 14th street pizza was the first brand in Pakistan to introduce 20 inch thick pizza, which was enough to serve maximum 8 people. They were also the Satirists joint to introduce customization of each slice of pizza. Before the launch of 14th Street Pizza, for 20 years, people only had few other options such as Pizza Hut and Dominos. People loved 14th Street Pizza and they got amazing response, more than they could handle. Initially 14th Street only got delivered in DAD and Clifton but after the amazing reviews and positive response they started their delivery operations in major areas of Karachi. Recently they have also started franchising. It was very hard to keep up with the thriving demand soon after its launch. Thats when the real test began, but they faced the challenge with gusto and were soon back on the table with a better team and a bigger kitchen. Today, more than three years later, 14th Street Pizza still tanks tall. The pioneers of the 20-inch pizza in Pakistan, 14th Street Pizza Co. Has grown from being a corner pizza delivery place in Karachi to one of the most recognized pizza delivery places, operating branches at 5 prime locations of Karachi: Cabanas-e-Shabby, Cabanas-e-Insist, KID, SMS, North Amazonian. 14th Street Pizza also operates in the Blue Area Of Islamabad and also recently launched in Manual. The first thing you notice about their pizza is the size. But thats just not it. Their motto is to use crust to give you fuller taste and an unforgettable flavor. Their aim is to use premium laity ingredients to give you a pizza that not only looks and tastes great but is also up to the highest standards of freshness and quality. They believe in providing their customers with an exceptional customer service and believe that their customers are their driving force and would like to make sure that they are 100% satisfied with their products. A passion for pizza and an unending devotion to keep delivering the biggest, yummiest pizza in town, fuelled by the love, encouragement and feedback of their fans, gives 14th Street Pizza co. He power to expand beyond belief. Pakistani Pizza Market Pakistani food industry has witnessed an exceptional growth over the years. Food industry in Pakistan shares 17% of the total GAP. A major chunk of this growth is coming from the local pizza market which includes big multinational names such as Pizza Hut, Dominos, and Broadway, as well as local pizza brands such as 14th street pizza, California pizza, Pizza next, Pizza point etc. Trends in the Industry The pizza trend has entered into mainstream. It all started when Pizza Hut introduced its business in Pakistan in 1993. Pizza hut is considered as the pioneer in the pizza market and has remained a dominant player since. To penetrate into the market further they have tailored their menu to local taste by introducing flavors such as chicken tike, shakable etc. After Pizza Hut, Dominos Pizza and Papa Johns entered the pizza business and things psychoanalytically. Five to eight years later if we talk about the growth of pizza business in Pakistan there were only two established names in the business that were both multinational chains, Pizza Hut and Dominos. However, the market developed significantly in the last few years and to cater to the appetite of pizza lovers many new local players have launched their operations. Market statistics According to a recent statistics fast food industry is the second largest in Pakistan, with approximately 16. 9 million consumers. The consumption level of food mainly depends upon the number of consumers and their income level. Pakistanis total population is growing with a yearly population growth rate of 1. 67%. Out of the total population of Pakistan 37% are the urban and 63% rural with different income classes. Exhibit Shows the size of different classes In the urban population. About 17 million people are in the upper or upper middle class who can actually afford fast food. The average person spends 47. 7 percent Of his or her household budget on food consumed at home. Only less than 2% of Pakistanis total population spends on fast foods regularly. Current Market Situation We have recently seen the success ventures of food portals like EAT EYE and FOOD PANDA. The food portals have made the life of consumers very easy by providing them with both the discounts as well as quick delivery. Pizza companies got a huge benefit through this as consumers get more attracted towards their product. Country like Pakistan is still following the incept of cooking the food at home, if we observe countries like US and KICK their fast food market is far bigger than us because of the fact that their busy households now prefer to eat outside rather than cooking food at home. Slowly and gradually Pakistanis urban population is also adopting the same trend and this is the reason why these fast food chains earn massive profits with an even higher future revenue forecasts. STOW Analysis Strengths Weaknesses The high quality of the ingredients that are used in making 14th street pizza. Pioneers of the 20 Pizza category in Pakistan and have managed to build a potable brand name. High focus on customer service and on time delivery of Pizza. Highly customized slices to cater to the different tastes of the consumers. They dont have any service restaurants like Pizza Hut, Dominos and California Pizza. Lack of awareness about 14th street as it is still not a very known brand in some parts of Karachi. Opportunities The reads Opening kiosks in shopping malls and food courts. Open up service restaurants to attract consumers who want to dine out. Add more variety to their menu such as pasta and lasagna. Continuous innovation in tastes and sizes to keep the customers interested y offering them something new. Introduce customer loyalty program for brand loyal 14th Street lovers. An increase in the trend of online ordering because of food portals like Food Panda and Tattoo. Poor economic conditions forcing people to dine out less. Increased prices Of ingredients, which subset intently increases the cost Of product thus reducing the profit margins. Low switching cost for consumers between brands. Availability of Cheaper substitutes. Rise in number of competitors offering the same product. Competitors Analysis Competition for pizza takes into account direct competitors as well as indirect motorists (substitute products like burger, steaks,pastas etc. ). Pizza market has developed considerably in a last few years and several local and international players have come into play. 4th street pizza in the first few years of its business has received a great deal of fame and earned a name for itself mainly due to the ingenuity and uniqueness of their content. Let purely deals in home delivery and takeaway. Amongst local competitors its is the brand with highest market share but overall it ranks number 3 with 10% market share According to the CEO of 14th street pizza The daily intentions, the engaging interactions and t he high stakes giveaways are all proofs of the ways in which we seek to delight our customers and ensure that we stay the top of the mind brand when one thinks of ordering pizza. Pizza Hut Pizza hut first started its operations in 1958 and entered Pakistan in 1993. They are the pioneers of pizza in Pakistani market and are also the biggest player when it comes to dine in because of its delighting pizza and spacious restaurants with good ambiance and comfortable atmosphere. Being a pioneer it has got the largest share in market but its sales are plummeting cause of the prevailing trend of large pizzas. Their social media presence, stands at around 900,000 followers as compared to 14th Street Pizza reaching a million fans on their Faceable page in the same month. Since its inception Pizza hut is known to be the market leader even today it holds 35% of the total pizza market followed by another international brand, Dominos which stands at number 2 with 20% market share. Broadway Pizza It started its operations initially in Lahore after getting a positive response from there it recently launched in Karachi. With amazing sidelines, stirring labors and huge size Broadway is getting popular among scratchiest and the market share of Broadway pizza has reached 9% a little lower than that of 14th Street Pizza. It has got an active website and worth using Faceable page. It also offers the most lavish toppings. There is fierce competition been Broadway and Pizza Point, which also has a 9% of the total market share. The New York Pizza The New York Pizza is popular for its large thin crust foldable pizzas. They offer delicious toppings and sauces besides delivering Gingko pizza. New York is widespread and much known with much lower market share than Aziza hut and slightly lower than 14th street pizza. It has around 22,000 Faceable fans with 5% market share. California Pizza To know if California pizza is a good option one needs to go its main location that is next to Dominos in Abdullah. This outlet is always flooded withheld. It offers as big as 20 pizza and has good service restaurants besides having feasible rates. California pizzas user-friendly website and promotional activities on Faceable page with 1 90,462 likes helps surge its sales. In Exhibit ahoy can see the comparative prices of a standard large pizza of the competing brands. Comparison Between Competitors We took a sample size of 67th of which 29 were students, 30 jobholders, and 3 businessmen. After analyzing the results of our research, we found out that despite being a high priced product most of the respondents believe the price of 14th street pizza to be justified. We conclude that there are several reasons for this perception such as the quality, size, and taste of 14th street pizza. As an individual brand people have the following perception about dustsheet: 54% of the respondents think that the price of 1 4th street pizza is good, that is justified. % of the respondents think that the Quality of 14th street is excellent and 42% think it is good, which makes the majority of the respondent. 45% of the respondents think that the taste of 14th street is excellent and 37% think that it is good, which is again the majority of the respondents. 52% of the respondents think that their service is good, while 27% think that this it is excellent. We compared 14th street with the following pizza joints: Pizza Hut Dominos Broadway New York We compared these on the following attributes: Quality Price Taste Service Size And came to the following conclusion: QUALITY If we compare the result of 14th street with the rest of the Pizza joint we can clearly see that it surpasses all other brands in terms of quality according to the respondents. With Pizza Hut being the second best choice. PRICE At this the results were pretty much the same for all other brands but respondents believe that 14th street pizza is slightly high priced as compared to other brands as 31 % of the respondents ranked it at 4 and 22% of the respondents ranked it at 5 (5 being the highest). TASTE 14th Street got the highest ranking in terms of taste as 45% of the exponents ranked it 5 and 30% ranked the taste of 14th street at 4. While Dominos, California Pizza, New York Pizza, and Broadway Pizza got the highest ranking around 3, which signifies average taste. SERVICE 43% of the respondents ranked 14th street 4 for service and 30% ranked it 5 (5 being the highest). Again we can see that that Dominos, California, New York and Broadway got the highest ranking around 3, which signifies average service in comparison to 14th Street. SIZE From the result it is clear that when it comes to size, the first name that comes to people mind is 14th street. Although Broadway, New York and California pizza Offer the same product but 14th street got the highest ranking in comparison to all. Whats Wrong With 14th Street? 14th street pizzas biggest problem is their higher pricing compare to their competitors, and reason is not that it is a premium brand, but its because their food costs and their expenses are so high that they have to reflect some it in their prices. In Exhibit ewe kept their most selling product, which is Full 20 inch pizza as a benchmark, to estimate the rough impact of their costs on the prices. Currently the price of 20 full pizza is RSI. 899. By seeing Exhibit 3 one can infer that providing best quality of ingredients is the prime focus of 14th Street Pizza. Mozzarella cheese, which is the most expensive ingredient of all, gets 24% of the price. Mozzarella cheese is imported from France of the brand Aerial; it is one of the top used mozzarella brands all over the World. Even the chicken topping used in their Pizza is supplied by the top chicken quality providers KNs. The management of 14th Street is not at all in the favor of reducing the quality of the Ingredients they use in order to cut down their overall costs. Losing their current customer base as a result of using lower quality ingredients is something that they cannot afford. A brief detail of the rest of the monthly expenses can be seen in Exhibit 4. Number of Employees 14th street pizza currently has around 400 riders, 250 kitchen and commissary labors, and 30 professional employees. 5. Million rupees in monthly payroll is still a very high expense for a small local brand like 14th Street. Marketing Expenditure They are also keen on advertising their brand and products through appropriate channels they could use to reach to their target market, usually hey are spending on streamers, billboards, and most of all social media where their actual target market is present. Utilities Their utiliti es are supposed to be higher because big machineries like Pizza ovens and room size chillers, those all are running on electricity. Payable The other pressing problem for the management is their increasing payable. They owe their food suppliers around 25 million rupees and rest to equipment and oven providers. These payable also reflect on their pricing strategy. Outsourcers In order to make up for the lost revenues, 14th Street also started to outsource their marketing and IT services to other business. This might seem like a good move but can have long term implications. Recommendations In light of all the above-mentioned problems of 14th Street Pizza, the team of six came up with the following recommendations: 14th street needs to stop providing their services to other businesses as outsourcers. This will not only help them focus more on their own operations but it will also allow the top management to right size their business and only keep the employees who add value to the companys operations. This action will subsequently lead to a significant decrease in their monthly salaries, which is a massive burden on a company as small as 14th street. The management should clearly write down the objectives that they want to achieve through their pricing strategies. Since they are already selling their product at a loss, bringing down their prices is not an option that they can avail. The next best thing that they can do is to position their product as a premium Pizza brand. They can achieve this through proper communication and marketing strategies. According to Exhibit 2, the prices of the competitors such as New York and Broadway Pizza re exactly the same bringing the price any higher than this might result in loss of existing customer base since the cost of switching for a consumer is practically zero. Focus on market penetration so as to increase the entry barriers of new entrants. Make the most of the food delivery portals such as Food Panda and Tattoo to attract more and more customers towards their brand by offering different deals. Increase communication and communicate to the consumers why they should go for 14th street instead of Broadway, New York or California Pizza. Low-end Pizza joints such as Pizza Hut, Pizza Point, Pizza Max, etc. Are a serious threat. They are not only lower end but they also cater to a large population that cannot afford expensive pizza brands.

Beanium Lab Report Essays

Beanium Lab Report Essays Beanium Lab Report Paper Beanium Lab Report Paper Nigerian beans, Mexican beans, calculator, and paper. Raw Data Bean Total Mass w/ Cup Number of Beans American Beans 17. 489 g 75 Nigerian Beans 5. 95 g 25 Mexican Beans 3. 106 g 53 Calculated Data/Graphs Total Mass w/o cup Average of each Bean Average Atomic Mass American bean 16. 749 g . 2233 g Nigerian bean 5. 255 g . 2102 g Mexican bean 2. 366 g . 0586 g . Eggs Sample Calculation Error Analysis During this lab there was no error in the outcome or predicted outcome. The lab showed the average of all three of the biennium isotopes. The average is what was expected from the calculations. Conclusion The purpose of this experiment was to find the average atomic mass of the three isotopes of biennium. The average atomic mass of biennium was . 1640 grams. This procedure was effective in determining the average atomic mass of an element. Answers to Post lab Questions What is average atomic mass? Average atomic mass is the average mass of different isotopes of a certain element. For an element with isotopes, what pieces of information are needed to calculate average atomic mass? The abundance and mass of each isotopes is needed to calculate the average atomic mass.

Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that  today, the market may be thought to be saturated. Generally social constructs are the views that people have on us, and how people describe us. The idea behind social cosntructionism is that people hear or experience these views over and over, and this makes them believe these views or have a picture that depicts these stories as being true. A million man march reflects that what the people march for is not well known by majority of the people in the march but he people seek to change this situation using their own social construction that reflect whom they really are.  As the study highlights that  the book Nickel and dimed by Ehnrenreich clearly starts on a note that portrays a well defined case of critical theory concerning workers and how they are being treated as well as their working conditions. There is a great contrast between Lampham who takes the writer for a lunch for about $30 at a â€Å"country style place† the writer an d Lampham are in deep reflection of how four million women have to live on the wages that are paid to the unskilled with a salary for about $6 and $ 7 per hour, with about 4 million women who are not literate and who are in the market looking for the lowly unskilled lowly jobs to make a living or to sustain themselves.  The eschewing divisions in the society in the book Nickel and Dimed by Ehnrenreich are clear, and by large magnitude have gone deeper to portray inhuman and a cruel world where the illiterate have to endure cruel wages and mistreatment to make a living.

Management Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Theories - Essay Example The concept can be analyzed from four different points of view. Motivating employees to become creative in daily work environment and helping them to provide new ideas to organization. Organizations try to create an amicable environment of knowledge sharing, equal power sharing among employees. Top manage tries to create a flexible work force by empowering employees. This concept is derived from organizational psychology theory. Senior executives try to implement self actualization concept among employees by empowering them. They try to create a skill society among employees (Doughty, n.d). Real Life Example Motivation level among employees can be increased by implementing employee empowerment concept. Empowerment can be done by increasing participation of employees in the decision making. Organization control does not follow top down approach in a learning organization. Employees have the right to take decisions and communicate the decision to top management. Example of employee emp owerment is given below. W.L Gore & Associates is a product development company. Workers of the company are always termed as associates rather calling them mere employees. The company follows ‘Lattice Management Structure’ to develop the concept of employee empowerment. ... The company is named as best organization to work for in UK for consecutive eight years (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor, 2011, p. 295). Conceptual Framework Employee empowerment model in W.L Gore & Associates is heavily influenced by the concept of self actualization. The company has created skill society among employees and employees perform with greater efficiency to become member of the society. Alternate Model I will use the concept of lattice management system little differently for W.L Gore & Associates. I will integrate the concept of organizational psychology with self actualization concept. I will create flexible multifunctional departments in the organization. Team size for the multifunctional departments will be five. Giving importance on employee group empowering will be the key aspect of adopted model. Multifunctional department has the right to share knowledge and ideas with each other. There are four hundred associates work for the company. I will design the empowerment model for eighty groups and implementation process will be less time taking than designing empowerment model for four hundred associates. Penetration Pricing Centrality of the concept of penetration pricing depends on sales objective of the company. The pricing strategy can be described as offering new product to customers at lower price with an objective to increase sales volume. There are two strategically aligned benefits associated with penetration pricing. The pricing strategy might discourage other competitors to enter into market. Many competitors may fail to adopt penetration price due to lack of financial resources and hence will be forced to sell product at high price to cover break even. Penetration pricing helps company to attract price sensitive customers and switchers.

The Church's View on Contraception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Church's View on Contraception - Essay Example Based on the Scriptures, particularly in the Book of Genesis 38:8-10, the act of Onan spilling his seed – which is an equivalent of coitus interruptus – was condemned by God and the Jewish law. Based on the ancient Jewish law of fathering children, it was a duty of the brother to perform to his sister-in-law the role of husband if his brother dies. However, Onan changed his mind about fathering a child which was supposed to be his brother’s and thus â€Å"spilled the semen on the ground†¦And what he did was displeasing in the sight of the Lord, and he slew him also† (Brom; Gen. 38:9-10). In Deuteronomy 25:7-10, it is stated that the man who does not give children to his sister-in-law in case his brother dies would naturally get punished with public humiliation. However, since God slew Onan, then the spilling of one’s semen – or more loosely, the concept of contraception – is obviously a more serious moral offense that simply not g iving one’s brother’s widow a child. Other books of the Bible also condemn contraception. In the New Testament, Paul’s Epistle to the Romans states, â€Å"God has given them over to shameful passions. ... These writings were after all based on the principles of the Bible and the natural law. Onanism, or the act of Onan spilling his semen, was echoed by several church fathers during the early years of the Church. One of the most prominent Church Fathers who condemned contraception in this way was Clement of Alexandria, who, in 195 AD, wrote in The Instructor of Children 2:10:91:2, â€Å"Because of its divine institution for the propagation of man, the seed is not to be vainly ejaculated, nor is it to be damaged, nor is it to be wasted† (Brom). Although the aforementioned statement of Clement of Alexandria somehow includes even acts like masturbation, it is still clear that the Church condemns contraception in whatever form that it can be carried out. The Protestant Reformer Martin Luther also expressed condemnation against onanism and referred to it as â€Å"the exceedingly foul deed of Onan† and that Onan â€Å"deserved to be killed by God† (Brom). Luther, therefo re, emphasizes, through Onan’s example, that the sinner deserves God’s punishment. John Calvin of the Calvinist Church echoed Luther’s condemnation by saying that the intentional spilling of semen is â€Å"a monstrous thing† (Brom). Moreover, John Wesley, founder of the Methodist Church, stated that onanism was â€Å"very displeasing to God† and was tantamount to the destruction of the soul (Brom). Contraceptives and methods to tighten the reproductive system have also long been condemned by the ancient Christian Church. Another Church Father in the name of Hippolytus of Rome indicated in his Refutation of All Heresies 9:12, in 255 AD, that â€Å"the so-called faithful [should not] use drugs of sterility or bid themselves tightly in order to expel a fetus which

Management Accounting and Financial Accounting Essay Example for Free

Management Accounting and Financial Accounting Essay The differences between management accounting and financial accounting include:[1] 1. Management accounting provides information to people within an organization while financial accounting is mainly for those outside it, such as shareholders 2. Financial accounting is required by law while management accounting is not. Specific standards and formats may be required for statutory accounts such as in the I.A.S International Accounting Standard within Europe. 3. Financial accounting covers the entire organization while management accounting may be concerned with particular products or cost centres. Managerial accounting is used primarily by those within a company or organization. Reports can be generated for any period of time such as daily, weekly or monthly. Reports are considered to be future looking and have forecasting value to those within the company. Financial accounting is used primarily by those outside of a company or organization. Financial reports are usually created for a set period of time, such as a fiscal year or period. Financial reports are historically factual and have predictive value to those who wish to make financial decisions or investments in a company. Management Accounting is the branch of Accounting that deals primarily with confidential financial reports for the exclusive use of top management within an organization. These reports are prepared utilizing scientific and statistical methods to arrive at certain monetary values which are then used for decision making. Such reports may include: * Sales Forecasting reports * Budget analysis and comparative analysis * Feasibility studies * Merger and consolidation reports Financial Accounting, on the other hand, concentrates on the production of financial reports, including the basic reporting requirements of profitability, liquidity, solvency and stability. Reports of this nature can be accessed by internal and external users such as the shareholders, the banks and the creditors.

Types of Knowledge: Application to MDL

Types of Knowledge: Application to MDL Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) define explicit knowledge that can be captured and shared and tacit knowledge evolving from interaction from practice. The isolation of explicit knowledge is that information can be replicated without any interaction with the original source. However, knowledge is the continuous dialogue of both means of tacit and explicit. A practice based epistemology therefore assumes that knowledge is acquired through socially constructed practice or routines that workers participate in. It also emphasis that tacit and explicit knowledge are inseparable and are a product of a mutually constructed dimensions. The sector that MDL participates in, there is an emphasis that knowledge is not fragmented but rather specialised and specific to the organisation which will inevitably have features of both tacit and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is impossible or certainly hard to write down and, even if written down, does not express the knowledge adequately. Although engineers can articulate themselves explicitly, the knowledge expressed will always remain tacit. The knowledge of the workers, in the case of engineers, are acquired through formal education and furthermore sustained through a complex web of relationships among people, material artefacts and activities (Gherardi, 2001). The nature of knowledge within a culture is also a key factor, the small group of workers who have worked long term (30%) within the organisation have built up their knowledge over time and will only be partly able to explicitly articulate their knowledge. It is to be noted that different organisational culture has different way in which it formalises knowledge and that could determine the way information is articulated. MDL is a knowledge intensive firm where employees form a major part of the workforce requiring a high level of creativity and problem-solving skills with a constant push for innovation in a competitive market. The pressure towards deadlines makes it hard for workers to contribute to tacit knowledge and subsequently, without workers willing to share or codify tacit knowledge there is a limited success of knowledge management incentives to work.Trusson (2014) found that from a workers perspective that significance of a time pressured environment is a determinant for what knowledge is shared. The majority of the development engineers typically work longer than their contracted thirty-seven hours the argument of work overload being a factor can hinder tacit knowledge sharing. In addition, Qureshi and Evans (2015) are of the view that time and work pressure can make it difficult for the individuals in the organisations to allocate time to engage in knowledge-sharing activities outside of their work related activities. Therefore to understand why workers are not sharing knowledge should not be taken for granted. Consequently, there might a reduction in creativity in knowledge shared due to time pressure, as other senior engineers might view this approach as hoarding rather than intelligent contribution furthermore, lack of time can also constrain knowledge transfer (Leonard, 2014). The willingness to share knowledge plays a big role especially as MDL is operating within a competitive market. The main challenge is to motivate the workers from seeing the contribution not as giving away their expertise but rather facilitating them into seeing it as a mutual benefit for the organisation and a strong identification with the company. Team members may be unwilling to share knowledge and a perception that knowledge will be stolen and used by potential competitors. Since recruitment in MDL occurs annually, the concept of trust can define the degree of confidence of team members in one another this plays an important role in determining the sharing of knowledge. More specifically, trust was more closely related to sharing of tacit rather than explicit knowledge (Becerra et al. 2008). Lack of trust between individuals is likely to correlate to the willingness to share knowledge as it creates uncertainty and risk and additionally the concern that their contributed action will not be reciprocated. Furthermore, a lack of interpersonal trust can create uncertainty about knowledge sharing and can result in conflict within the organisation as study shows by Hsu Chang (2012), who correlated that having similar vision with interpersonal trust within the organisation leading to higher level of knowledge sharing. MDL is represented as a culture that is relatively open and informal and asking for advice is not frowned upon. However, culture difference can impact the outcome of such knowledge sharing activities as no one organisational climate is similar. MDL has 90 employees in total operating in China and furthermore worldwide, Hofstede (1984) explanation on organisations culture state that no one culture is the same, which influences the way knowledge sharing process is conducted. In a collectivist society there is an emphasis that individual does not exist independently but in a network of relationships called Guanxi. Which is embedded within the culture and emphasis trust which plays an important part in knowledge sharing, as discussed earlier. Chinese organisation culture retain more hierarchy structure and traditions than western culture, therefore due to this social belief, junior are expected to follow the advice of their seniors, this unequal knowledge sharing can create an unequal distribution of power, which will be discussed below. Power is defined as the ability of an agent to change or control the behaviour, attitudes and values of another agent (Rahim et al. 2001).The issue of power conflict is typically neglected in KM literature, although being interrelated (Hislop,2009) with knowledge sharing behaviours. Power is usually unequally distributed within organisations, which can create tension between workers and owners and subsequently the level of knowledge shared. A worker can have access to knowledge based power by simply possessing scarce resources and ideas. Therefore the legitimacy of power can influence the extent to which knowledge is perceived and consequently, sharing of knowledge, as power cannot be automatically deemed legitimate by workers. In relation to the engineers in MDL who work in significant fields dedicated to creativity and problem-solving skills, the transferof knowledge might be seen as inadequate due to the level of expertise and the perceived legitimacy from the workers. This can su bsequently amplify tension between workers and their employing organisations, although the workers are seen as a competitive advantage, there is a high (although industry standard) level of staff turnover (10-15%) in MDL. Scarborough and Carter (2000) suggested that its problematic to assume that organisations represent a harmonious environment where people are willing to share their knowledge and that the unequal distribution of power can have an impact on knowledge sharing within the organisations. The use of reward power is visible in MDL, as team members who complete projects on time or early are paid via financial bonuses, this Taylorism or carrot on a stick approach can be used for knowledge sharing behaviour in forms of direct powers. Employees are happier with superiors who possess expert knowledge and who are recognised for personally attractive attributes (Liao, 2008) in contrary to research evidence on managers reference and expert power on the climate of trust. The desirability of expert power is essential as employees look to managers for direction and guidance. Employees need to believe in the managers ability to set direction, give guidance and coordination to achieve good results. If there is a climate of trust demonstrated by managers within the organisation there is a willingness to share knowledge with team members. An organisation where power is only orientated towards reward can actually be detrimental, MDLs workers are a source of competitive advantage, there is no evidence of overtime pay and the bonus is relatively modest for finishing the task on time. Sharing intensive and innovative knowledge is valuable within MDL, and usually requires some levels of trust. The nature of knowledge sharing can also be a factor in the organisations culture, collectivist culture such as China (Hofstede, 1984), emphasise family and work groups above personal individual needs, therefore new employees within the company might hesitate to share knowledge as they are in a disadvantageous position and fear that they might lose face by contributing to an established work culture (Huang et al, 2008). Similarly, long-term employees might not share knowledge due to the fear of losing their experts status to the new comers. These two opposites can further manifest the likelihood of knowledge sharing within organisations as experts might seal themselves off into their own professional group in order to protect their domain of knowledge. The community of practice (CoP) is defined as a group of people informally bound by shared experience and identity (Brown Duguid, 2001) within an organisation. The high overlapping nature of the people within groups is highly dynamic and without the consideration of the difficulties and contradictions it entails could potentially lead to adverse effects within the community. Furthermore, with the acknowledgement of interpersonal trust, the cross-site difference can be more of a hindrance than an enhancement to the organisation. A CoP assumes a familiar territory, a sense of identity, engagement and at large accountability which translates into a form of competence within the organisation. In relation to Chinese collectivist culture, discussed previously, characterised by Guanxi which acts in the interest of the group and not necessarily of individuals can affect the CoP initiatives. Although a collective sense of identity and value within a member of the community can create a bond that facilitates trust, there are potential negative consequences if such bonds are too strong. As the bond can be a basis for exclusion which consequently could lead to new communities being ignored and having their knowledge not taken into importance to the existing community. Furthermore, it was also found that if employees could maintain good relationships without sharing their precious knowledge they tended not to share (Huang et al, 2008) especially in a collectivist culture. This inward looking community can create un-receptiveness within ideas generated outside the community (Brown Duguid, 1998), in this circumstances there might be ignorance to the ideas and shared beliefs transmitted from the headquarters in the UK. Subsequently this could also lead to group think behaviours within geographical diverse locations leading to lower quality in creativity and innovation. In a collectivist culture, a community of practice could potentially be limited rather than extensive leading to a community that is characterised as unwilling to incorporate new and external knowledge. In contrast, an individualist country, such as the UK, the emphasis is on self rather than the interest of the group, community member may succumb to narrow-mind thinking, which can act as brakes to knowledge management initiatives and consequently the relationship of social identity within such groups. Therefore, national culture can shape knowledge sharing across sites. The relationship between culture and knowledge reflects the value of the socialised group since, each site operates relatively autonomously with engineers never working across sites. This could lead to communication problems and furthermore the erosion of ideas across sites. People might therefore act opportunistic as the working environment does not facilitates their contribution to ideas. Therefore, the challenge identified for MDL is to increase shared identity beneficial to positive knowledge sharing and where people are not acting opportunistic or selfish. If a valuable employee leaves MDL, the new organisation will stand to gain an advantage and this will interfere with knowledge continuity within the existing organisation. Another source of conflict within cross-site is the contradictory nature of collective social practice (Lave and Wenger, 1991). Which suggests that while members of a community work together collectively and cooperatively, they are also simultaneously, to so me extent, competing with each other inside their organisations, for example for promotion opportunities. When newcomers arrive at the company, there will be pressure to forge a new identity to participate in existing community of practice. In this case, the newcomers are not exactly progressive as they do not necessarily seek to change the practice more than established members. There is no investment for the newcomer as they are not part of a workplace history thats already established. Therefore, to assume that old timer will facilities the new comers is and can be contradictory. The main challenge is to establish a link and connection that requires the existing members within MDL in helping to develop the knowledge of the newcomers who will, over time, take their place in the organisations. Therefore, the way in which these practices are conducted and continued depends on the characteristics and the organisational culture which is also affected by national culture. There is an influence towards culture attributed in collectivistic societies, of not losing face or wanting to contribute to outgroups, as this process of sharing knowledge might give an impression of bragging. Therefore the old timers might not fully consider the new members as being part of the group, although in the same company, this contradiction of where modesty can cause cultural restriction and reluctance for active participation just so that there is no impression of bragging. National forms of identity can affect the dynamics of the organisations, therefore KM initiatives need to be unique and cannot follow specific routes. Since the other sites are bound by culture distance this could reflect the amount of knowledge sharing that occurs. The emphasis should be focused on collaboration and interaction which leads to greater knowledge being shared. A culture that is open minded at the same time willing to collaborate could lead to knowledge management initiative being successful. Competitive and goal orientated cultures, where the emphasis focuses on striving high and the focus is on winning and success shows hesitancy to share knowledge (Wiewiora, 2012). In MDL there is an emphasis on project completion with an addition monetary incentive to motivate employees. In a high context culture, such as China, it is believed that money and success are interrelated (Chiu, 2002) their uncertainty avoidance culture furthermore reflects the lack of trust between employees and managers. The differences in business practices across cultures can create tension and ambiguity as practices might be difficult to follow in a culture which reflects a different sets of values. An example would be of a culture in UK, where imagination and creativity are encouraged (Hofstede, 1984) and people continue to work in the organisations because of such concepts. This rewarding nature of work makes them feel more committed and connected to the values of the organisation. In essence, money may provide a vehicle for motivation to some extent but this incentive will ultimately fail unless the underlying cultural climate exists that rewards, celebrates, and values knowledge application. A culture that emphasise individuality and acting in the interest of self will lead to knowledge hoarding behaviours (Long and Fahey, 2000). In comparison to a collectivist culture where group collaboration and being   part of a team will lead to members more willing to contribute (Politis, 2003), as there are more efforts toward maintaining good relationships with people around them. These cultures highly value learning, where people are willing and free to explore, and knowledge creation is encouraged, people do not feel that sharing knowledge will cost them their jobs or the potential to lose face. Another determinant for cross-site analysis is the impact of leadership style and its implication on organisational culture. Transformational leadership behaviours engender attitudes in subordinates leading to the adoption of new practices (Judge, 2004) therefore effective leadership can facilitate knowledge sharing, however, transformational leadership may not be the prime impetus within an organisations as the leaders active involvement could just be an activity rather than direct inspiration. Therefore the challenge lies in creating an equal playing field where leaders emphasis on meeting goals should be aligned with the capabilities of the creative workers in MDL. With senior managers having project teams of eight to ten staffs with a focus on day to day detail there must be a style of leadership that accommodates for the diversity of intensive knowledge workers. National culture perspective could assume that transformational leadership influence is more prominent in culture with high power distance such as China, where the relationship between subordinates and seniors are polarised. In contrast to culture with low power distance where managers rely on teams for their expertise. This conflict within leadership style could hinder KM initiative within the organisation. MDL HQ in the UK must be the starting point for which KM initiatives are implemented. It is not only concerned with creating an appropriate work climate and attitudes but also workers commitment and facilitating of workers loyalty towards knowledge sharing behaviour. A good leader, therefore, should provide their beliefs and set values as to how the groups should function. The senior leaders in MDL should promote in creating an atmosphere for where knowledge sharing activities are promoted. The trend and the shift in the power has changed the dynamic business organisations. For KM initiative to be effective the interests of the company and workers needs to be aligned, in a knowledge intensive firm transformational leaders can develop such working environment. Leaders also develop a culture based on knowledge sharing by highlighting the importance of working together and collaborating in a way that enhances the knowledge sharing capacity within organisations. Knowledge intensive ICT firms in the UK (Analoui, 2012) who engaged in diverse business functions found the effectiveness of transformational leaders for the long-term vision of the company where its primary goals are in the interest for the good of their organisation. Likewise, the workplace in MDL must see the workers as being decision makers within the organisation, allowing the workers to be actively participating and engaging in knowledge sharing activities. Integrating such form of leadership is geared towards motivating and developing plans to achieve organisational goals. Knowledge intensive firms in France (Bacha, 2014) who implemented transformational leadership style into existing practice changed the way employee perceived their jobs which led to enhanced job performance inductive to knowledge sharing. Furthermore, in the case of Alvan Sabet the biggest producer of textiles in the Middle East, through strengthening tolerance and being open minded to errors incurred, transformational leaders were better able to facilitate knowledge sharing within organisations (Gelard, 2014). A leader can also influence the perception of rewards, MDL current level of bonus pay is linked financially and distributed across project teams. Although financial incentive can encourage knowledge sharing it can also lead to knowledge hoarding behaviour, or at times, the unwillingness to share because the knowledge is perceived as being more superior. It is therefore recommended that leadership should not single out a team or an individual for financial incentive as this culture can lead to hoarding of knowledge. Chen (2011) identification of group based appraisal was found to support knowledge sharing. Group trust and a supportive climate for knowledge sharing were positively related to group knowledge sharing in 86 work groups in a high tech industry (Wu, 2016), by publicly praising groups, a group leader becomes a role model for employees to follow. Group based reward acts in the same way as individual reward which is based on performance except the target is set of group within the company. A bonus pool where performance is calculated by senior managers on each project could be reward at six-month intervals or this could be deferred for teams not reaching targets by moving the reward at the end of the year, which could improve the long term view of project in relation to innovation capabilities. Group scheme such as this can foster teamwork and a sense of community amongst workers within the organisation. Another difficulty identified was the lack of social identity and trust within MDL, a lack of identity can create difficulty in knowledge management initiatives. Employees who identify strongly within the organisation are more likely to share the knowledge as the interest and benefit retained are mutual. A good community of practice requires strong commitment from leaders to follow through the initiative and foster an organisational culture that see everyone as equal. MDL engineers are a pool of highly qualified professionals whose interest might be in protecting and sealing the domain of their knowledge. Mangers have the responsibility to cultivate groups of people, the emphasis of community of practice should be around giving independence while also managing through organisational support. Study on AlphaChemicals in Germany (Borzillo, 2011), found the effectiveness of having a step in and step out phase for cultivating such pratices. Rather than having a constant evlaution on proje cts, in MDL, the use of step in (every three months) where managers within sites define specific goals and employees discuss innovative startegies. Whereas with the step out phase, the independece of the group allows for radical innovation for development of smartphones. Hemre (2005), identified groups at Ericsson appointing a community leader to meet on regular basis, focusing on non- work related aspect which created a strong sense of community. In MDL, the senior manager managing the project team could facilitates such events. These events can create a sense of community between different sites, not just for the sense of working but finding a common ground for which team can enhance the level of trust and openness to business practices. Newell (2007), identified that the use of social interaction between Indian firms and US firms through building personal relationships where an environment for effective knowledge transfer was established. This suggest that just because practices are in place does not mean that the level of trust increases, its about finding the mutual ground where community see themselves and innovative enables. In line with this, is the implication of ICT, although information systems might be useful for younger generations, it also needs to facilitate older generations who might not be familiar with such systems. Therefore, mentoring can work both ways, for personal learning and providing encouragement to less experienced workers. Bryant (2005) found that the impact of mentoring in software firms, helped workers learn transferable skills. Furthermore, case study in Lebanese and Iranian bank (Karkoulian, 2008; Bidmeshgipour, 2012) showed that the use of informal mentoring was more effective. In MDL, informal mentoring with good mentors should be a way to bridge the gap in organisational learning and increasing social identities within diverse workgroups. Using informal means of mentoring can furthermore provide informal guidance within organisations such as explanation of unwritten rule within organisation which can also help build up group trust. MDL is geographically diverse, therefore, the use of boundary spanner with ICT can create a synergy to develop a link between sites to foster a virtual community. A strong communication within team members can correlate to creativity and innovation. Olaisen (2016) study on Scandinavian banks found that teams consisting of diverse multicultural professions using ICT online interaction worked very well. In MDL, internet-based channels, such as video conferencing (Skype), could be used to create a global virtual community. An affordable alternative to face to face, this would create a sense of social identity within MDL furthermore facilitating knowledge sharing and foster a culture of cooperation. In MDL the use of a broker (responsibility is taken by senior manager) can connect disconnected ideas by using job rotation across sites, therefore bridging the gap and crafting a common knowledge for mutual understanding. Through shared practices implementing job rotation can facilitate knowledge transfer and movement throughout the organisation, this is especially applicable when organisations possess technical skills. Food links in the field of sustainable food production and consumption, uses brokers as a means to shape group learning process and synthesise existing knowledge (Karner, 2011). Employees, therefore, engage throughout the company and engage in a broader content specific knowledge tasks. Enabling staff to work in different areas of the organisation through cross-functional job rotation can contribute to increased knowledge sharing and the likelihood of expert knowledge being shared throughout the organisation. MDL senior manager across the different geographical sites can act as a broker to sites in-between the face to face meeting conducted every six month with the aim to identify common themes, targets and future goals of similar interests across geographical sights. In contrast to the resource-based approach, Foucaults understanding of power is  fundamentally relational (Foucault, 1972, 1977,  1978,  1980). Foucault, a historian,  recognised that a key feature of the development of the modern state was a fundamental  shift in the nature of power relations. Foucault suggests that in contemporary society power  is no longer primarily a privilege that one might possess but rather operates within a  network of relations, constantly in tension, in activity (Foucault, 1977, pp. 26-27). Does Stop Motion Animation Have A Future In The Multimedia Era? Does Stop Motion Animation Have A Future In The Multimedia Era? This multimedia project will be to get an answer to this question does stop motion animation has a future in our new multimedia era? the aim of this dissertation is to determine whether traditional stop motion is going to be replaced by digital stop motion and if digital stop motion animation will be replaced by other means of digital animation techniques for example CGI (Computer Generated Images). The reason for choosing this topic as my research basis is because there was always a determination and attraction within myself for learning new thing and techniques about animation so the decision was set to one of the earliest animation forms and the one I admire the most. Application With the help of these case analyses as reference when necessary, I will move to the core part of me of my dissertation. I will put forward the research I made to determine whether stop motion animation has a future in our new multimedia era. Examples of newer technologies, techniques that are currently being used will be put forward and investigate why they seem to be overtaking or changing traditional stop motion. These will be supported by my research work. Discussion between older and newer techniques in the making and production of a film will also be made. A questioner will also be done in order to get a better view of how much people know about stop motion and there actual knowledge of it if they do have one. These will perhaps lead me to answer the question does stop motion animation has a future in our new multimedia era? I will support my argument and say why traditional stop motion is so nice to see almost magical and make everyone fill with joy while watching it, and also as an animator why it is so amazing while creating it actually. Then all descriptions , steps , minutes of discussion and every information that will be necessary will be set forward concerning the post production and production of the short stop motion animation that I will do from all the knowledge and piece of information that I will go through this dissertation. Post production chapter 1 FROM HUMAN HAND TO COMPUTER MOUSE, THE JOURNEY History of animation 1 In this section, a brief history of animation will be elaborated. Important dates will be included within the timeline of animation, leading to when stop motion was first created meaning the very first form of it and also the different techniques that was used. Some facts also will be presented, things that have been longer questioned before, like, the equipment used and why 24 frames per second are being used. Paul wells a Canadian journalist and pundit [Wikipedia Paul wells] later nominated as the director of animation, within the academicals institution [Southborough University school of Art and Design. 2010] talks about some early involvements in animations. He also discussed some equipments used how animation was discovered while experimenting for the cinematic moving image. He also told how since 1798 people have been inventing equipments than can project some drawn moving images. [Wells: A. 2004:88] The Phenakistoscope 1.1 The famous Phenakistoscope was one of Joseph Plateau revolutionary invention that will make a real change in the world of animation, created in 1832 the journey begins here even if this principal was first recognized by the Greek mathematician nuclide and was later experimented by Newton Joseph plateau was the one who further pushed this experiment and developed it. This device was an early form of optical toy that allowed one to see houses or acrobats moves. Luc Sanders, a freelance writer, animator and also a graphic designer with a background in computerized design and animation. He wrote on a website, how the device was made and how using wheel this device was able to create animation. The animation was done by a series of sequence image that was around the circumference of the wheel. This will be translated in nowadays terms as each individual frame used to create a film. Slits are made in the wheel and when this is placed in front a mirror, the device is spun and the animation occurs the picture starts to move. [Picture showman. 2004]Phenakistoscope_3g07690u.jpg The phenakistoscope also known as the phenakistiscope was famous for about only two years as due to this creation this gave great ideas to other invents that will be the future of animation at this time.[Wikipedia 2010] Zoetrope 1.2 Later a derivative of phenakistoscope was the zoetrope. Created around 130 AD by a Chinese inventor ting human and later developed by William George Horner around 1800, who almost received all the credit. zoetrope.jpg It was also called the daedal (ingenious wheel). It only became popular decades later when the French and American marketed it as a toy. Then the American developer, William Lincoln re-named the zoetrope (life turner). Working on the same principals as the fantascope, just that the pictures were drawn on a strip are set around the bottom third of a metal drum, the latter was mounted on a spindle so that it could be spun, and when viewers looked though the slits they could see cartoon strip from a single moving image. [Companion for the apprentice wizard by Oberon Zell- raven heart] Critics of a writer 1.3 Maureen Ruth Furness of president of the society for animation is a writer, animation historian, critic, animation theorist, professor and president of the society for animation studies. [Wikipedia. 2010]. In animation bible she made some analysis about the techniques of stop motion stating that the technique is to be achieved by manipulating objects in from of the camera. Frame by frame.[Furniss:A.2008:232] this book is really a pleasure to read I have received great knowledge from this book as Maureen furnish has been through great detail about the processes, techniques in the creation of animation, and also great examples are also given. The father of animation cartoon 1.4 From the reference to the website, pitureshowman, James Stuart blacktop is known as the father of animated cartoon and born in England Sheffield in 1875. 4064t.gif In 1906 he created the first animated film known as Humorous phases of funny faces, the very first cartoon ever made. The technique he used was stop motion; he drew the faces on a blackboard and filmed it. He then paused the filming and changed the faces and continue his filming repeating the same process to create a moving image. [Mosley. 2010] This technique set a revolution in the 1914th, Windsor McKay a prolific artist, pioneering early animated films far outshone the work of his contemporaries, and also set a standard followed by Walt Disney and others in later decades. By (1867-1934) he invented Gertie the dinosaur one of his best creation ever. [Absolute astronomy. 2010] Van Eatons website discuss how gentile the dinosaur was a little different to humors phases of funny faces, there was a certain interaction between the characters and the animator. For example gentile was instructed to do some tricks like bowing to audience. [Eaton. 2010]gertie_on_tour.gif Furniss theory 1.5 Being inspired by McKay, this technique was further developed and animators experimented with different materials to create 2d stop motion animation.furniss talked about the different types of 2d animation in animation bible [Furniss. 2004] explaining how 2d stop motion animation has many different forms how each technique used is unique. For example to create shadows, sand, salt, pins and cut out bits of paper and many more Medias. From Kuban leviers website, he made a web site on a famous scripter, artist, film director and animator Alexandra korejwo. Graduated from the academy if fine arts in Poznan (Poland), she has been the owner of many distinguished titles and awards. She made animation films in her very own style with the use of colored salt as media.aboutolaglowna.jpgShe then created an animation called Carmen habanera from the same technique and media. She made use of gouache watercolors to change the sands color and the allowed it to dry before to a black colored canvas an d use feathers to manipulate it. [Korejwo-art. 2010] 3D stop motion animation 1.6 Later all these inspiration drew animators to make use of 3d objects to create stop motion animations. From the same book mentioned in the above paragraph, furnish spoke also about 3d stop motion , her description was how 3d stop motion has get quite an advantage in field comparing to 2d stop motion as they were the result of animation such as morph , Wallace and grommet, which were both very popular and famous. In both animations the media use was clay and with the help of this media they made the characters and surroundings as well. makingof.jpg As an example of 3d animation, we can refer to the famous LEGO bricks; this technique is also called the brick film. The animators made use of the bricks of Lego to design an animate a magical world. Later on in 1989, an Australian animator called Lindsay flea that created an animation made from bricks of Lego this film was called the magic portal. This film was sixteen minutes long and took four and a half year complete it .[furniss:A:2008:243,244] More in deep on animation procedures 1.7 According to this book computer graphics multimedia and animation by pakhira, it says there are different types of animation possible, depending on the technique used for depicting animated frame sequences. For example: Cell animation: the most simple and widely used ones. This made use of the onion skinning process, that is animated objects are drawn manually and positioned by using an onionskin- like translucent sheet called a cell. The background is drawn only once and only the moving object is redrawn frame by frame. This concept is implemented as layers on the background. The principal is simple the background is kept fixed and the animated frames (cells) keep changing in between frames. Thus using a different layer for each different object. We also have key frame animation. Key frames are image frames that are designed to identify key positions of the object and mark significant changes and path in the animation sequence. In brief the beginning and ending frames are marked as key frames. This can vary for more complicated film there may be more key frames involved for example in between to introduce an important scene. These help to smoothen the movements of objects over complex trajectory. For linear motion, the frames in between are make using linear interpolation that is also called lerp over the time scale. Now for curvilinear trajectories the technique called spin interpolation is being used. This can be one by the b -spine interpolation, Bezier interpolation or LaGrange interpolation. [Pakhira. 2008:255] The rostrum camera secrets 1.8 Also Jeff golden make reference to the most recognized piece of equipment in the creation of 2d stop motion in his blog. He was talking about the rostrum camera. The rostrum camera is a camera which is pointed downwards, and is parallel to a board (that will be like a stage for the animation). The frames are shots individually while the objects are being manipulated under the camera. A bit similar to when James Stuart blacktop created the famous humorous phases of funny faces. The 3d stop motion process is not different from this one, the same principals are being apply here, however to demonstrate 3d effects and depth of the scene, the camera is positioned to the side of the object. [Golden. 2008] With the fast improvements and evolution of technologies, creating these same effects is now much easier with the help of computers. It gives the same feel like it has been crafted by hand. But does the fact that knowing it has been processed by computers decrease the feel and scenes of magic? Kit laybourne the chief creative officer for the whistle, (a cross media platform concentrating on kids and sports). [wikipedia.2010] says how digital animation uses the same processes as the traditional way but only the tools had changed. He also says how with the help of these new tools the work has become easier to produce. [Laybourne. 1998:65] Why 24 frames per second? 1.9 There one thing that is very important to know while creating an animation, that is the speed that is going to be used, also known as the frames per second. Very often I wondered why 24 frames per second were more commonly to be used by animators. John wyvern had discussed this in a very scientific manner; he said the reason for having 24 frames per second is simply so because the human brains read the images continuously thus giving a feeling that is was only one image that was continuously moving. He also stipulates: Ever since sir Isaac Newton, (1642-1727) scientists had discovered the common effects by the reaction that when the eyes stares a light and then looks away. With this little experiment, the deduction was that the retina retains a bright after-image, which quickly fades out. This is usually known as persistence of vision, this effects or reaction has been use by lots of historians to explain how the eye and brain tend to connect the strings of static images which are projected as a film, that also mentally create the feeling and impression of smooth movement. This information about these changes that are being done in the images are automatically being understood and recognized in a specific area of the brain that is separated from the principal acts of perception. So the result is as long as these images are being played at a speed below the perceptual threshold (film with 24 frames per second) they will be read as continuous by the brain. [Wyvern. 1989:10, 11] The persistence of vision the debate continues. 1.10 This argument and idea of persistence of vision was further explored on the media college website , they agreed with wyverns argument , there was a little controversy saying that these scientists ideas were accused of being false arguments in 1912,as there are no pertaining proof or evidence that this is the way our brain works. This website continues by informing that it is thought that the illusion of continuous motion is caused by unrelated phenomena such as beta movement (the brain assuming movement between two static images when shown in quick succession). [Wavelength Media. 2010] the use of 24 frames per second is also known as, full animation, where each frame is different and is commonly used once, due to accuracy. This is also discussed by furnish in her book called art of motion animation aesthetics. Shes also explored what is called limited animation to get a comparison with full animation. The difference is that it uses less frames and play lot on camera movements to cove r the gap in between the scenes (continuous frames) to form the animation. Furness explains that planning over the art work to create a good flow and sconce of motion if we are reducing the number of drawings. [Furniss: B. 2007:133,134] this would result in less production time also. Two great milestones 1.11 The latter also suggested comparing two different animations to help explain her thesis. She suggested watching Mickey mouse clock cleaners (1937)images.jpg And the birth of astro boy (1963)Astro Boy The Beginning DVD.jpg. The answer was clear after watching these two movies, one could feel as if there were missing parts(frames) in the first film but hereby one could understand the story though and it gives a feeling of heavy busy action that is the scene was too loaded and fast.jules angles, the one who is noted internationally for his great contributions to abstract animation and film,[Tobey cross. 2001] disagrees clearly with furnish thesis saying that there is no such thing as limited animation, only limited talent.. Each style of graphic and each kind of gesture has its own requirements for motion. [Furnish: 2007:136] to conclude both had their own reasons for their thesis. Production chapter 2 Literature review .2 Case analysis of Adam Elliot, cousin 2.1 Adam Elliot also qualified as an independent stop motion animation writer, Clamatorial and director. Born on the 2 of January 1972 in Berwick, with only five films he already participated in about six hundred film festivals and received about one hundred awards. [Wikipedia 2010] His entire great master piece was based on his family member for example, uncle (1996), cousin (1998) and brother (1999) accordingly. This little summary was on a website called Ezine articles. I will concentrate more on cousin, cousin as stated earlier is about Adams cousin, and his childhood friend who had suffered from a cerebral palsy. This tragedy is cruelly ended by some epic scene like liquorices smelling, toe-nail collects, one -armed cricket playing, super -hero costume wearing, and also cake baking and so on This continues when cousins parent was killed in a car crash and he is force to live in a group home  [i]  . [Ezine articles] According to a blog I found, [the animation blog] it says that this film was originally shot in a small storage unit in the outer suburb of moorabin in Melbourne at a facility owned by his father. For this time, Elliot made use of digital equipment called AVID in order to edit the film footage that was shooting on a 16mm film band. The result of his effort made him win his second AFI award for the best Australian animation. . In a biography by Melodrama Pictures, it is stated that, Adams films have connected with audiences through focusing on loneliness and difference with compassion, humor and pathos. [Melodrama Picture: A. 2007]. To define this film, the characters were basically made from from clay, manipulated by hand to produce a different result motion in each frame. This was originally a mute film and people had to rely only by the characters expressions and narration from William McInnis. This was indeed a good decision to allow McInnis to narrate that eventually helped a lot to understand the feeling of the history and the sadness moments as well as funny ones. The color of the film was perfect for this period of animation revolution if i can say, and with so bringing a good feel of the film. The of the color grey as primary and dominant color was excellently chosen as its a tragedy after all. Scott Iains stated concerning this thesis about color used and the narration perfectly matches the sad tales and the beautiful melancholia of William Mc Inness outstanding narration. [scott.2008] I do believe that this classic is the best in its traditional stop motion way. I am sure if this was done using CGI techniques; the feeling of sadness the mood and the traditional magic that non CGI can replace would be gone. I will also add to this, that this film should not be presented as a cartoon as it has a high degree of mature humor and tragedy. Case analysis of Pixars Monsters Inc 2.2 In this part of my dissertation, I will comment on a famous animation created by the use of CGI techniques, this film is known as Monsters Inc. I will also talk about the great Pixar animation studio that eventually created this film. The aim through this comment and analysis section is to be able to critically analyze this work to be able to give an answer to a specific question. That is there a future for stop motion animation? With the arrival of CGI technologies, this will just keep on lowering my cause. Nevertheless lets not get too shacked away. A brief description of this film will also be given. Peter Wisher, professor and also dean at the school of film and digital media, [Amazon.2004] had also written a book titled moving pixels: blockbuster animation, digital art and 3d modeling today. He says that Pixar studio of animation first started in 1986 and they first begin their career by first creating television advertisements. Also some of the most sophisticated software concerning CGI techniques were designs by Pixar, for example CAPS and Render Man. The revolution continues with the help of Pixar for doing the first fully CGI animated film in 1995 called Toy story. Later on this was continued and many CGI films were made including Monsters Inc which was realized in 2001. [Weisher.p 2004:112] Monsters Inc as guessed is based on monsters that have been fooled in to believe that children are dangerous and that in scaring them this may generate electricity out of their screams. There is a scream business that actually goes out in the film; the story main character sullies (Sullivan) and his one eyed friend Mick. They accidentally let a child came in their town, and soon after, they realized that boo (the child) was not dangerous at all. And those children in fact are not dangerous and that in fact laughter generates more electricity than screaming. This film is completely CGI generated. The reason why these characters look so realistic and are detailed. I could see each of their hair on the characters and more realistic when light reflects in the eyes of the characters. As said , there are 2,320,413 computer animated hairs on Sullivan, and Pixars technical team will tell you that animating all that hair and making it look real was no easy task'[ Pixar . 2010] Unlike in cousin it was not a numb film narrated by an author. But this one each character had their own line to say and in their own voice that give and advantage in realism compared to cousin. In doing so, this has allowed small children to understand the story and to enjoy it as well and elders. The excellent artistic job made in Monsters Inc is flawless. The colors, the background, the lightening and the frame work also the character design was done with perfection. Compared to cousin this can be called a movie for children and this will at the same time make the children less afraid of monsters. A very nice film though. Trial and error analysis 2.3 Stop motion test one 2.3.1 This was my very first stop motion realized after the end of my research work. To give a brief, the work is a white board stop motion. This is basically a numb animation with no voice sound etc This was an 11 photo work. A very short work indeed but that made me realizes lots of thing and mistake. Story line. The story is a little story that is a stick figure trying to go through a rail and puts all his effort in . Comments My comment about this work would be that this was a tough work, why, because to animate frame by frame and to draw it with the same lengths and characteristics with all the detail that was merely impossible for me. I was not even being able to create the effect of motion for this little film. The character was drawn the only part that was moving was the shaft that should be used to pull out the platform on which the animation stick figure was to be pulled on. It was really difficult for me to move more than one part in the work. The animation sticked to only one part of the stick figure to move. As to be able to draw the stick figure with his accessories was difficult as if I did so I would be drawing 50 t0 60 stick figure and there accessories. For this trial a normal camera was taken to shoot the small film. And a professional tripod was also used that why the image do not tremble while playing. White board as media. Working with white board as frame work and also media was very very difficult to manage. This media is so tangible its very flexible and though difficult to get straight lines and therefore accuracy in the drawing is very difficult. I had to erase and re do lots of parts many many times thus this was very time consuming. After late trials, I was very irritated and my sense of creativity has all went away. I was not able to draw and create or imagine anything. So I stopped here and animated it just to see the result. Movie maker as software. Windows movie maker is a very interesting software very simple to use and understandable. I firstly imported the photos and drag them to the story board. Then I selected all the photos and add and effect called speed up double . This made the frames become smaller and then the frames were viewed more rapidly. This is how we can achieve the famous concept of 24 frames per second. Unfortunately as i was not able to work with the media too much i only took 11 photos so its difficult to make an animation of 24 frames per second when we have only 11 frames (photo). Thus the animation was very dull and un-lively. There was less feeling of movement and also less graphic. Second stop motion trial 2.3.2 For my second stop motion trial, I will explore the effects of real stop motion. That is to make a person or living thing to be the subject and character of my stop motion film. This is a little trial movie done that is not very professional without even taking into account light , position, distance, proportion nor frames the work properly. Without using a tripod the work was shooting as far as possible. My main emphasis while doing this trial was to be able to make the person go from one place to another with stop motion technique and without any movement with the legs. Story line. The story or rather path, is to succeed in making my character move from 1 place to another and vice versa without any effort seen in the legs and be able to like slide to the other places, that is without giving the viewer any feeling that the person could had walk to go to this place. Comment. This work was executed more rapidly and smoothly than the first trial. Being a trial more emphasis were made on the main theme of creating movement. But the magic only occurs in a second when you mount everything on the software and you press play its then that those 24 frames per second look totally magical. It was a nice trial for me and gives me lots of practice and experience to do my third trial that will be an improvement of the first trial media and the second trial experience and tactics. To return with this trial, I as the cameraman had pretty much difficulty to shoot and maintain a specific frame work. This is surely shown in the film it trembles a lot. This was done purposely so as to see the difference and difficulties while doing that without the tripod. The animation as implemented on the same software windows movie maker. Final project description 2.3.3 Through this dissertation I will at the end design and mount a stop motion animation. The main reason behind is to actually get to know how much I have been reading and understanding the key fundamentals of stop motion animation. And this project will give support to my dissertation. Story. The story is mainly about a fancy world where the characters here are games, billiard balls and normal playing cards. These characters will do series of movement at the same time giving the audience a scene of magic movement. And will follow a specific track to end the video. Software. As my early trials the only software used through the whole project was windows movie maker. This is great software indeed. Difficulties. The difficulties Ive been through were mainly that the software always had bugs and was very slow to respond. For example after I have imported the pictures, I could wait 10 minutes before the program does any effects to the work. Advantages. The software is very easy to use to search commands. Its work space is very large giving much emphasis on the production rather than unnecessary literature. Anyone can after couples of trials generate a video out of images. Also we have been covering this software through our multimedia program at university o f Mauritius. Process. First of all I started with a great disadvantage. I didnt know that we were not able to take the tripod out of the faculty. So I had to shoot the whole final scene without a tripod and with the use my imagination as far as possible I tried to fix the camera on a cue (this a playing stick made of wood used to play pool and billiard) with great difficulty i started the work. Then I situated all my four main shooting frame position and marked them. After that, the background was the pool table itself with green color. And I started by first positioning the balls in the traditional way for playing pool. Then I manage to move little by little the objects that according to the story board needed to move. After what I changed frame position and introduce my second character the playing card deck. From them following his pattern it moved along the pool table and made couple of movements to finally join the billiard balls. After the entire photo was taken I can now move to the final phase that is the mounting phase. Mounting phase. With the help of windows movie maker, I mounted the work. First of all I imported all the photos I have taken about 250 photos was taken. I then reviewed one by one and erase those that was not ok and were out of frame after assuring that everything is ok I click on import pictures. And then after waiting a couple of minutes for the software to load all these photos, I adjusted the time space of each frames (photo) and also the time of transition. After I added the effect speed double that increased the video display allowing each frame supporting this effect move faster. After all these above steps, the title and the end screen were made. Then the video was saved. After I have viewed the small clip. Past production chapter 3 Chart .3 This is the result of my questionnaire presented bellow. The result is clear and straight forward. As you can see there are many people who dont know about stop motion animation, and if they do know they wrongly associate stop motion with other design animation. CONCLUSION 3.1 In this section I will put all the pieces of the puzzle together (research work case analysis) and try to give and answer to the question set in my introduction, does stop motion animation has a future in our new multimedia era? I will start by a personal feeling of this then I will use the research I have found to support my arguments. Personally, I will say that traditional stop motion will never die and there will always a crazy, ambitious animator designer that will surely make an animation that everyone will keep watching. The simple fact that we as mere human with the means of a camera can make a non living object move and do lots of incredible thing, make a clay get a character and convey a message to an audience, that whets the main talents and animator need to have and let me remind all this is done without any digital equipment like CGI. To support my thesis, Adam Elliot stated, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦audiences love seeing things on the big screen they know are not computer generated. When they see the fingerprints on the plasticize, they know that it hasnt been generated by a computer, and theres something magical about that. Thats why I think the art form is here to stay, and will never go away [Elliot. A 2009]. With the research work I have done for this dissertation, I would say that as man saw this extraordin ary means to control people in certain means. Every ambitious person was after some new amendments and invention to try to bring as much audience as possible for their films and inventions. A great example would be toy story created in 1995 which was only sixteen years ago. But the fact is what will happen in the next sixteen